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<h5>How to use BNS</h5>
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<li class=""><a href="/core/naming/manage.html">Manage BNS Names</a></li>
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<h5>Other topics</h5>
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<li class="uk-active"><a href="/core/naming/forks.html">BNS Forks</a></li>
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<article class="uk-article">
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<h1 class="uk-article-title">BNS Forks</h1>
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<!-- <img class="avatar avatar-small" alt="Blockstack" width="32" height="32" data-proofer-ignore="true" src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/Blockstack?v=3&s=32" srcset="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/Blockstack?v=3&s=32 1x, https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/Blockstack?v=3&s=64 2x, https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/Blockstack?v=3&s=96 3x, https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/Blockstack?v=3&s=128 4x" /> -->
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<!-- Written by <span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Blockstack</span></span><br> -->
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<time datetime="2018-09-08T19:24:57-07:00" itemprop="datePublished">
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<a "target="_blank" href="https://github.com/blockstack/blockstack-core/blob/master/docs/forks.md" class="btn btn-default githubEditButton" role="button">
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<span data-uk-icon="icon: pencil; ratio: 1.2"></span> Edit this page on Github</a>
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<span style="font-family:Wingdings">w</span> Sep 8, 2018
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</time>
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</div>
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<div class="article-content">
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<p>BNS effectively uses a public blockchain to store a database log. A BNS peer
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bootstraps itself by downloading and replaying the database log from the
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blockchain, and in doing so, will calculate the same name database state as
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every other (honest) BNS peer that has the same view of the blockchain.</p>
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<p>Crucially, BNS is built on top of a public blockchain that is <em>unaware</em> of BNS’s existence.
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This means that the blockchain peers do not validate BNS transactions. Instead,
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the BNS peer needs to do so, and must know how to <em>reject</em> both invalid transactions
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as well as well-formed transactions from dishonest peers (i.e. peers that do not
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follow the same consensus rules).</p>
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<p>BNS nodes do not directly communicate with one another—by design, the set of
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BNS peers is not enumerable. The only shared communication medium between BNS
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peers is the blockchain.</p>
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<p>To identify and reject invalid and malicious transactions without the blockchain’s help,
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the log of name operations embedded in the blockchain is constructed as a
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<a href="http://www.scs.stanford.edu/~jinyuan/bft2f.pdf">fork*-consistent</a> database
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log. Fork*-consistency is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistency_model">consistency
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model</a> whereby the state
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replicas in all of the nodes exhibit the following properties:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>Each correct peer maintains a history of well-formed, valid state operations. In this
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case, each correct BNS node maintains a copy of the history blockchain transactions
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that encoded well-formed, valid name operations.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Each honest peer’s history contains the sequence of all operations that it
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sent. That is, a user’s BNS peer’s transaction log will contain the sequence of all valid
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transactions that the user’s client wrote to the blockchain.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>If two peers accept operations <em>op</em> and <em>op’</em> from the same correct client,
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then both of their logs will have the both operations in the same order. If
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<em>op’</em> was accepted before <em>op</em>, then both peers’ logs are identical up to <em>op’</em>.
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In BNS, this means that if two peers both accept a given transaction, then it
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means that they have accepted the same sequence of prior transactions.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>This means that unlike with blockchains,
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there can be <em>multiple long-lived conflicting forks</em> of the BNS database log.
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However, due to fork*-consistency, a correct BNS peer will only process <em>one</em>
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of these forks, and will <em>ignore</em> transactions from peers in other forks. In other words,
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fork*-consistency partitions the set of BNS peers into different <strong>fork-sets</strong>,
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where all peers in a fork-set process each other’s transactions, but the
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completely ignore peers in other fork-sets.</p>
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<p>BNS nodes identify which fork set they belong to using a <strong>consensus hash</strong>. The
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consensus hash is a cryptographic digest of a node’s operation
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history. Each BNS peer calculates a new consensus hash each time it processes a
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new block, and stores the history of consensus hashes for each block it
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processed.</p>
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<p>Two honest BNS peers can quickly determine if they are in the same fork-set by querying
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each other’s consensus hashes for a given block. If they match, then they are
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in the same fork-set (assming no hash collisions).</p>
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<p>A BNS client executes a name operation on a specific fork-set by including a
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recent consensus hash from that fork-set in the blockchain transaction.
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At the same time, the BNS consensus rules state that a transaction can only be
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accepted if it included a recent valid consensus hash.
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This means that all BNS nodes in the client’s desired fork-set will accept
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the transaction, and all other BNS nodes not in the fork-set will ignore it.
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You can see where the consensus hash is included in blockchain transactions by reading
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the <a href="wire-format.md">transaction wire format</a> document.</p>
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<h2 id="fork-set-selection">Fork-set Selection</h2>
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<p>The blockchain linearizes the history of transactions, which means that
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in general, there exists a fork-set for each distinct set of BNS
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consensus rules. For example, the Blockstack Core <a href="release_notes/changelog-0.14.md">2016 hard fork</a>
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and <a href="release_notes/changelog-0.17.md">2017 hard fork</a> both introduced new consensus
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rules, which means at the time of this writing there are three possible fork-sets:
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the pre-2016 fork-set, the 2016-2017 fork-set, and the post-2017 fork-set.
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The <a href="https://node.blockstack.org:6263">public BNS nodes</a> are always running
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in the fork-set with the latest consensus rules.</p>
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<p>BNS clients are incentivized to communicate with peers in the fork-set that has
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the most use, since this fork-set’s name database will encode name/state
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bindings that are the most widely-accepted and understood by users.
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To identify this fork-set, a BNS client needs to learn one of
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its recent consensus hashes. Once it has a recent consensus hash, it can
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query an <em>untrusted</em> BNS node for a copy of
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its name database, and use the consensus hash to verify that the name database
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was used to generate it.</p>
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<p>How does a BNS node determine whether or not a consensus hash corresponds to the
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most widely-used fork-set? There are two strategies:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>Determine whether or not a <em>characteristic transaction</em> was accepted by the
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widely-used fork-set. If a client knows that a specific transaction belongs to
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the widely-used fork-set and not others, then they can use the consensus hash to
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efficiently determine whether or not a given node belongs to this fork-set.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Determine how much “economic activity” exists in a fork-set by inspecting
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the blockchain for burned cryptocurrency tokens. Namespace and name
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registrations are structured in a way that sends cryptocurrency tokens to either
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a well-known burn address, or to an easily-queried pay-to-namespace-creator
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address.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Both strategies rely on the fact that the consensus hash is calculated as a
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<a href="https://github.com/blockstack/blockstack-core/issues/146">Merkle skip-list</a>
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over the BNS node’s accepted transactions. A client can use a consensus hash to
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determine whether or not a transaction <em>T</em> was accepted by a node with <em>O(log
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n)</em> time and space complexity. We call the protocol for resolving a consensus hash to a specific transaction
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<strong>Simplified Name Verification</strong> (SNV). See our <a href="https://blockstack.org/virtualchain_dccl16.pdf">paper on the subject</a>
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for details of how SNV works under the hood.</p>
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<p>If the client has a consensus hash and knows of a characteristic transaction in the widely-used fork-set,
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it can use SNV to determine whether or not a node belongs to the fork-set that accepted it.</p>
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<p>If the client knows about multiple conflicting consensus hashes,
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they can still use SNV to determine which one corresponds
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to the most-used fork-set. To do so, the client would use a
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<a href="https://explorer.blockstack.org">blockchain explorer</a> to find the
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list of transactions that burned cryptocurrency tokens. Each of these
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transactions will be treated as potential characteristic transactions:
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the client would first select the subset of transactions that are well-formed
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BNS transactions, and then use SNV to determine which of them correspond to which
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consensus hashes. The client chooses the consensus hash that corresponds
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to the fork-set with the highest cumulative burn.</p>
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<p>Work is currently underway to automate this process.</p>
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</div>
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<hr class="uk-margin-medium">
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<div class="uk-margin-large-top">
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<h3>Related Articles</h3>
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