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<article markdown="span" class="uk-article">
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<h1 class="uk-article-title">Principles of Blockstack applications</h1>
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<!-- Written by <span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Blockstack</span></span><br> -->
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<time datetime="2018-10-26T14:14:34-07:00" itemprop="datePublished">
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</time>
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</div>
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<div markdown="span" class="article-content">
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<p class="no_toc">There are as many perspectives on what makes a decentralized app (DApp) as there
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are DApp developers. This section defines the principles that Blockstack
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advocates for DApps operating within its platform.</p>
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<ul id="markdown-toc">
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<li><a href="#blockstack-dapp-principles" id="markdown-toc-blockstack-dapp-principles">Blockstack DApp principles</a> <ul>
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<li><a href="#i-users-own-their-data" id="markdown-toc-i-users-own-their-data">I. Users own their data</a></li>
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<li><a href="#ii-users-own-their-identities" id="markdown-toc-ii-users-own-their-identities">II. Users own their identities</a></li>
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<li><a href="#iii-users-have-free-choice-of-clients" id="markdown-toc-iii-users-have-free-choice-of-clients">III. Users have free choice of clients</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#non-principles" id="markdown-toc-non-principles">Non-Principles</a> <ul>
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<li><a href="#dapps-have-smart-contracts" id="markdown-toc-dapps-have-smart-contracts">DApps have smart contracts</a></li>
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<li><a href="#dapps-have-tokens-andor-non-fungible-assets" id="markdown-toc-dapps-have-tokens-andor-non-fungible-assets">DApps have tokens and/or non-fungible assets</a></li>
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<li><a href="#dapps-use-a-blockchain" id="markdown-toc-dapps-use-a-blockchain">DApps use a blockchain</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#dapps-serve-users" id="markdown-toc-dapps-serve-users">Dapps serve users</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="blockstack-dapp-principles">Blockstack DApp principles</h2>
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<p>An application is considered a Blockstack DApp if it adheres to three
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principles.</p>
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<h3 id="i-users-own-their-data">I. Users own their data</h3>
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<p>DApps do not store or replicate user data. Users own their application
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data independent of and <em>outside of</em> the application. A Blockstack application
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is only considered decentralized if its users control where their data is
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hosted and can prove that they created the data.</p>
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<p>Blockstack applications meet this principle if they use the Gaia storage system.
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Users may sign and/or encrypt their data in Gaia end-to-end. All files in Gaia
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are addressed by a user identifier, an application’s hostname, and a filename.
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Through Gaia, users can prove data ownership and restrict access.</p>
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<p>In the future, users will be able to choose on an app-by-app basis which Gaia
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hub serves their application data.</p>
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<h3 id="ii-users-own-their-identities">II. Users own their identities</h3>
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<p>Users are the sole administer of their own independent and unique
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identifiers. Within an applications, users must be distinguishable by unique
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identifiers. The DApp cannot mask or take away a user’s identifier, and a user
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must be able to bind their identifier to the data they create.</p>
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<p>Blockstack DApps anticipate that each user can own one or more IDs. In turn,
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these IDs are owned by a private key under the user’s control. The IDs are
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acquired through the Blockstack naming system. First time users that log into
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the Blockstack application get a free <code class="highlighter-rouge">blockstack.id</code> in the Blockstack namespace.</p>
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<p>Blockstack IDs are replicated to all peers via a blockchain, this means
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Blockstack cannot hide IDs. Blockstack IDs each have a public key assigned to
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them via the blockchain records that encode their operational history. This
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public key allows users to bind data to their Blockstack IDs through
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cryptographic signatures.</p>
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<h3 id="iii-users-have-free-choice-of-clients">III. Users have free choice of clients</h3>
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<p>Identities and <em>data</em> are application independent. An application cannot be
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considered a DApp unless it allows users to interact with their identities and
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data such that the user can later do so via a different DApp.</p>
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<p>For example, a user that creates data in client ‘X’ must be able access that
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data from a different client, ‘Y’, provided the client allows compatible
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mechanisms. Ultimately, the user has the freedom to write their own client that
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interacts with their own data.</p>
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<p>Blockstack’s APIs and SDKs make it easy to build applications that adhere to
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this principle. Existing Blockstack applications have this property today simply
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because they don’t have any irreplaceable server-side logic.</p>
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<p>In the future, Blockstack applications must continue to meet the first two
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principles but need not meet this one. For example, an application could
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encrypt data in-transit between the application’s client and the user’s chosen
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storage provider. Unless the app divulges the encryption key to the user, then
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the user does not have free choice of clients; they can only use clients that
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the app’s servers choose to interact with.</p>
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<h2 id="non-principles">Non-Principles</h2>
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<p>You’ll notice the Blockstack principles avoid adherence to a particular network
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topology or architecture. Many DApps have defining characteristics that are
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implementation-specific rather than expressions of overall DApp design goals.
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These aspects are mentioned here as specific non-goals of Blockstack
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applications.</p>
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<h3 id="dapps-have-smart-contracts">DApps have smart contracts</h3>
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<p>Decentralized apps pre-date blockchains and smart contracts, and even today
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there are popular DApps that do not need them. Examples include pre-Microsoft
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Skype (which was peer-topeer), Mastadon, IRC, and email.</p>
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<p>Another word for “smart contract” is “replicated state machine.” Some DApps
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need each peer to execute the same sequence of operations in order to fulfill
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their business needs (in which case a smart contract would be appropriate),
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but many do not.</p>
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<p>Blockstack DApps do not use smart contracts at all.</p>
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<h3 id="dapps-have-tokens-andor-non-fungible-assets">DApps have tokens and/or non-fungible assets</h3>
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<p>Similar to smart contracts, DApps pre-date tokens and non-fungible assets.
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While having a crypto token or asset can help incentivize DApp deployment and
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usage, they are not strictly necessary for their operation.</p>
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<h3 id="dapps-use-a-blockchain">DApps use a blockchain</h3>
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<p>Blockchains are a new tool for DApp developers to help coordinate peers, but
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they are just that – a tool. Sometimes blockchains are the right tool for the
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job, and sometimes they are not.</p>
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<h2 id="dapps-serve-users">Dapps serve users</h2>
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<p>Fundamentally, DApps should serve users by preserving user autonomy. Developers
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should not profit from abusive features or neglectful designs.
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Blockstack principles seek to prevent developers from profiting by either (a) building
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abusive features into DApps like ad networks, or (b) neglecting users by failing
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to build vital safety features like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banning" target="\_blank">shadowbans</a>.</p>
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<p>Because Blockstack applications allow users to own their identity and data and
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gives them free choice of clients, any user can simply stop or avoid using bad DApps
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with near-zero switching cost.</p>
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<p>This isn’t to say that DApps can’t be profitable. DApps can still make money for
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their developers, such as by offering content subscriptions or paid-for add-ons.
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They can broker with third parties on behalf of their users to watch ads or
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share data in exchange for tokens.</p>
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