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<article markdown="span" class="uk-article">
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<h1 class="uk-article-title">Understand Namespaces</h1>
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<div class="uk-article-meta uk-margin-top uk-margin-medium-bottom">
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<!-- Written by <span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Blockstack</span></span><br> -->
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<time datetime="2018-09-14T09:05:56-07:00" itemprop="datePublished">
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<a "target="_blank" href="https://github.com/blockstack/blockstack-core/blob/master/docs/namespaces.md" class="btn btn-default githubEditButton" role="button">
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<span data-uk-icon="icon: pencil; ratio: 1.2"></span> Edit this page on Github</a>
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<span style="font-family:Wingdings">w</span> Sep 14, 2018
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</time>
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</div>
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<div markdown="span" class="article-content">
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<p>Namespaces are the top-level naming objects in BNS.</p>
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<p>They control a few properties about the names within them:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>How expensive they are to register</li>
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<li>How long they last before they have to be renewed</li>
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<li>Who (if anyone) receives the name registration fees</li>
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<li>Who is allowed to seed the namespace with its initial names.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>At the time of this writing, by far the largest BNS namespace is the <code class="highlighter-rouge">.id</code>
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namespace. Names in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">.id</code> namespace are meant for resolving user
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identities. Short names in <code class="highlighter-rouge">.id</code> are more expensive than long names, and have
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to be renewed by their owners every two years. Name registration fees are not
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paid to anyone in particular—they are instead sent to a “black hole” where
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they are rendered unspendable (the intention is to discourage ID sqautters).</p>
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<p>Unlike DNS, <em>anyone</em> can create a namespace and set its properties. Namespaces
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are created on a first-come first-serve basis, and once created, they last
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forever.</p>
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<p>However, creating a namespace is not free. The namespace creator must <em>burn</em>
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cryptocurrency to do so. The shorter the namespace, the more cryptocurrency
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must be burned (i.e. short namespaces are more valuable than long namespaces).
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For example, it cost Blockstack PBC 40 BTC to create the <code class="highlighter-rouge">.id</code> namespace in 2015
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(in transaction
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<code class="highlighter-rouge">5f00b8e609821edd6f3369ee4ee86e03ea34b890e242236cdb66ef6c9c6a1b281</code>).</p>
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<p>Namespaces can be between 1 and 19 characters long, and are composed of the
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characters <code class="highlighter-rouge">a-z</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">0-9</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">-</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">_</code>.</p>
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<h2 id="namespace-organization">Namespace Organization</h2>
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<p>BNS names are organized into a global name hierarchy. There are three different
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layers in this hierarchy related to naming:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Namespaces</strong>. These are the top-level names in the hierarchy. An analogy
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to BNS namespaces are DNS top-level domains. Existing BNS namespaces include
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<code class="highlighter-rouge">.id</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">.podcast</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">.helloworld</code>. All other names belong to exactly one
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namespace. Anyone can create a namespace, but in order for the namespace
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to be persisted, it must be <em>launched</em> so that anyone can register names in it.
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Namespaces are not owned by their creators.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>BNS names</strong>. These are names whose records are stored directly on the
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blockchain. The ownership and state of these names are controlled by sending
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blockchain transactions. Example names include <code class="highlighter-rouge">verified.podcast</code> and
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<code class="highlighter-rouge">muneeb.id</code>. Anyone can create a BNS name, as long as the namespace that
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contains it exists already. The state for BNS names is usually stored in the <a href="/core/atlas/overview.html">Atlas
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network</a>.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>BNS subdomains</strong>. These are names whose records are stored off-chain,
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but are collectively anchored to the blockchain. The ownership and state for
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these names lives within the <a href="/core/atlas/overview.html">Atlas network</a>. While BNS
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subdomains are owned by separate private keys, a BNS name owner must
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broadcast their subdomain state. Example subdomains include <code class="highlighter-rouge">jude.personal.id</code>
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and <code class="highlighter-rouge">podsaveamerica.verified.podcast</code>. Unlike BNS namespaces and names, the
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state of BNS subdomains is <em>not</em> part of the blockchain consensus rules.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>A feature comparison matrix summarizing the similarities and differences
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between these name objects is presented below:</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Feature</th>
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<th><strong>Namespaces</strong></th>
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<th><strong>BNS names</strong></th>
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<th><strong>BNS Subdomains</strong></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>Globally unique</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Human-meaningful</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Owned by a private key</td>
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<td> </td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Anyone can create</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>[1]</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Owner can update</td>
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<td> </td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>[1]</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>State hosted on-chain</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>State hosted off-chain</td>
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<td> </td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Behavior controlled by consensus rules</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>May have an expiration date</td>
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<td> </td>
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<td>X</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>[1] Requires the cooperation of a BNS name owner to broadcast its transactions</p>
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