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<li class=""><a href="/core/atlas/howitworks.html">How Atlas Works</a></li>
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<li class=""><a href="/core/atlas/howtouse.html">How to Use the Atlas Network</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h5>Reference</h5>
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<ul class="uk-nav uk-nav-default doc-nav">
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<li class=""><a href="/core/faq_technical.html">Blockstack Technical FAQ</a></li>
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</div>
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<div class="uk-width-1-1 uk-width-expand@m">
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<article markdown="span" class="uk-article">
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<h1 class="uk-article-title">Blockstack Naming Service (BNS)</h1>
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<div class="uk-article-meta uk-margin-top uk-margin-medium-bottom">
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<!-- Written by <span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Blockstack</span></span><br> -->
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<time datetime="2018-09-14T09:05:56-07:00" itemprop="datePublished">
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<a "target="_blank" href="https://github.com/blockstack/blockstack-core/blob/master/docs/introduction.md" class="btn btn-default githubEditButton" role="button">
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<span data-uk-icon="icon: pencil; ratio: 1.2"></span> Edit this page on Github</a>
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<span style="font-family:Wingdings">w</span> Sep 14, 2018
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</time>
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</div>
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<div markdown="span" class="article-content">
|
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<p class="no_toc">This document gives an overview of how the Blockstack Naming Service work. This
|
|
section introduces you to BNS and explains the following concepts:</p>
|
|
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<ul id="markdown-toc">
|
|
<li><a href="#what-is-bns" id="markdown-toc-what-is-bns">What is BNS</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#motivation-behind-naming-services" id="markdown-toc-motivation-behind-naming-services">Motivation behind naming services</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#organization-of-bns" id="markdown-toc-organization-of-bns">Organization of BNS</a></li>
|
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</ul>
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|
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<p>The (<a href="https://github.com/blockstack/blockstack-core">Blockstack Core</a>)
|
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repository is the reference implementation of the Blockstack Naming Service.</p>
|
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<h2 id="what-is-bns">What is BNS</h2>
|
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<p>The Blockstack Naming Service (BNS) is a network system that binds names
|
|
to off-chain state without relying on any central points of control.
|
|
It does so by embedding a log of its control-plane messages within a public blockchain, like Bitcoin.</p>
|
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<p>Each BNS peer determines the state of each name by indexing these specially-crafted
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|
transactions. In doing so, each peer independently calculates the same global
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name state.</p>
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<p>Names in BNS have three properties:</p>
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|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>Names are globally unique.</strong> The protocol does not allow name collisions, and all
|
|
well-behaved nodes resolve a given name to the same state.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Names are human-meaningful.</strong> Each name is chosen by its creator.</li>
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<li><strong>Names are strongly-owned.</strong> Only the name’s owner can change the state it
|
|
resolves to. Specifically, a name is owned by one or more ECDSA private keys.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
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|
<p>Internally, a BNS node implements a replicated name database. Each BNS node keeps itself
|
|
synchronized to all of the other ones in the world, so queries on one BNS node
|
|
will be the same on other nodes. BNS nodes allow a name’s owner to bind
|
|
up to 40Kb of off-chain state to their name, which will be replicated to all
|
|
BNS nodes via the <a href="/core/atlas/overview.html">Atlas network</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>BNS nodes extract the name database log from an underlying blockchain (Blockstack
|
|
Core currently uses Bitcoin, and had used Namecoin in the past).
|
|
BNS uses the blockchain to establish a shared “ground truth” for the system: as long as
|
|
two nodes have the same view of the blockchain, then they will build up the same
|
|
database.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The biggest consequence for developers is that in BNS, reading name state is
|
|
fast and cheap but writing name state is slow and expensive. This is because
|
|
registering and modifying names requires one or more transactions to be sent to
|
|
the underlying blockchain, and BNS nodes will not process them until they are
|
|
sufficiently confirmed. Users and developers need to acquire and spend
|
|
the requisite cryptocurrency (i.e. Bitcoin) to send BNS transactions.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="motivation-behind-naming-services">Motivation behind naming services</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>We rely on naming systems in everyday life, and they play a critical
|
|
role in many different applications. For example, when you look up a
|
|
friend on social media, you are using the platform’s naming service to resolve
|
|
their name to their profile. When you look up a website, you are using the
|
|
Domain Name Service to
|
|
resolve the hostname to its host’s IP address. When you check out a Git branch, you
|
|
are using your Git client to resolve the branch name to a commit hash.
|
|
When you look up someone’s PGP key on a keyserver, you are resolving
|
|
their key ID to their public key.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>What kinds of things do we want to be true about names? In BNS, names are
|
|
globally unique, names are human-meaningful, and names are strongly-owned.
|
|
However, if you look at these examples, you’ll see that each of them only
|
|
guarantees <em>two</em> of these properties. This limits how useful they can be.</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>In DNS and social media, names are globally unique and human-readable, but not
|
|
strongly-owned. The system operator has the
|
|
final say as to what each names resolves to.
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>Problem</strong>: Clients must trust the system to make the right
|
|
choice in what a given name resolves to. This includes trusting that
|
|
no one but the system administrators can make these changes.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>In Git, branch names are human-meaningful
|
|
and strongly-owned, but not globally unique. Two different Git nodes may resolve the same
|
|
branch name to different unrelated repository states.
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>Problem</strong>: Since names can refer to conflicting state, developers
|
|
have to figure out some other mechanism to resolve ambiguities. In Git’s
|
|
case, the user has to manually intervene.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>In PGP, names are key IDs. They are
|
|
are globally unique and cryptographically owned, but not human-readable. PGP
|
|
key IDs are derived from the keys they reference.
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>Problem</strong>: These names are difficult for most users to
|
|
remember since they do not carry semantic information relating to their use in the system.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>BNS names have all three properties, and none of these problems. This makes it a
|
|
powerful tool for building all kinds of network applications. With BNS, we
|
|
can do the following and more:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Build domain name services where hostnames can’t be hijacked.</li>
|
|
<li>Build social media platforms where user names can’t be stolen by phishers.</li>
|
|
<li>Build version control systems where repository branches do not conflict.</li>
|
|
<li>Build public-key infrastructure where it’s easy for users to discover and
|
|
remember each other’s keys.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h1 id="organization-of-bns">Organization of BNS</h1>
|
|
|
|
<p>BNS names are organized into a global name hierarchy. There are three different
|
|
layers in this hierarchy related to naming:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><strong>Namespaces</strong>. These are the top-level names in the hierarchy. An analogy
|
|
to BNS namespaces are DNS top-level domains. Existing BNS namespaces include
|
|
<code class="highlighter-rouge">.id</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">.podcast</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">.helloworld</code>. All other names belong to exactly one
|
|
namespace. Anyone can create a namespace, but in order for the namespace
|
|
to be persisted, it must be <em>launched</em> so that anyone can register names in it.
|
|
Namespaces are not owned by their creators.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><strong>BNS names</strong>. These are names whose records are stored directly on the
|
|
blockchain. The ownership and state of these names are controlled by sending
|
|
blockchain transactions. Example names include <code class="highlighter-rouge">verified.podcast</code> and
|
|
<code class="highlighter-rouge">muneeb.id</code>. Anyone can create a BNS name, as long as the namespace that
|
|
contains it exists already. The state for BNS names is usually stored in the <a href="/core/atlas/overview.html">Atlas
|
|
network</a>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><strong>BNS subdomains</strong>. These are names whose records are stored off-chain,
|
|
but are collectively anchored to the blockchain. The ownership and state for
|
|
these names lives within the <a href="/core/atlas/overview.html">Atlas network</a>. While BNS
|
|
subdomains are owned by separate private keys, a BNS name owner must
|
|
broadcast their subdomain state. Example subdomains include <code class="highlighter-rouge">jude.personal.id</code>
|
|
and <code class="highlighter-rouge">podsaveamerica.verified.podcast</code>. Unlike BNS namespaces and names, the
|
|
state of BNS subdomains is <em>not</em> part of the blockchain consensus rules.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>A feature comparison matrix summarizing the similarities and differences
|
|
between these name objects is presented below:</p>
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Feature</th>
|
|
<th><strong>Namespaces</strong></th>
|
|
<th><strong>BNS names</strong></th>
|
|
<th><strong>BNS Subdomains</strong></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Globally unique</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Human-meaningful</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Owned by a private key</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Anyone can create</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>[1]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Owner can update</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>[1]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>State hosted on-chain</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>State hosted off-chain</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Behavior controlled by consensus rules</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>May have an expiration date</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>X</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
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</table>
|
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<p>[1] Requires the cooperation of a BNS name owner to broadcast its transactions</p>
|
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maxQuerySuggestions: 3, // the maximum number of query suggestions
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querySuggestionHeadline: undefined, // the headline of the query suggestions, leave blank if no headline should be shown
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emptyQuerySuggestions: undefined,
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showImages: false, // show images in search suggestions
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num: 6, // the maximum number of search suggestions to be shown
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minChars: 3, // minimum number of characters before the suggestions shows, default: 3,
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maxWidth: 'auto', // the maximum width of the suggest box, default: as wide as the input box, at least 275px
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throttleTime: 300, // the number of milliseconds before the suggest is triggered after finished input, default: 300ms
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extraHtml: undefined, // extra HTML code that is shown in each search suggest, you can even show values of datapoints here,
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highlight: true, // whether matched words should be highlighted, default: true
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}
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};
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</script>
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<script src="https://cdn.sitesearch360.com/sitesearch360-v11.min.js" async></script>
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</body>
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</html>
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