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# Electrum - lightweight Bitcoin client
# Copyright (C) 2012 thomasv@ecdsa.org
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
# (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
# including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
# publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
# and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
# subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
# BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
# ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.
import os
import threading
from . import util
from .bitcoin import Hash, hash_encode, int_to_hex, rev_hex
from . import constants
from .util import bfh, bh2u
MAX_TARGET = 0x00000000FFFF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
class MissingHeader(Exception):
pass
def serialize_header(res):
s = int_to_hex(res.get('version'), 4) \
+ rev_hex(res.get('prev_block_hash')) \
+ rev_hex(res.get('merkle_root')) \
+ int_to_hex(int(res.get('timestamp')), 4) \
+ int_to_hex(int(res.get('bits')), 4) \
+ int_to_hex(int(res.get('nonce')), 4)
return s
def deserialize_header(s, height):
if not s:
raise Exception('Invalid header: {}'.format(s))
if len(s) != 80:
raise Exception('Invalid header length: {}'.format(len(s)))
hex_to_int = lambda s: int('0x' + bh2u(s[::-1]), 16)
h = {}
h['version'] = hex_to_int(s[0:4])
h['prev_block_hash'] = hash_encode(s[4:36])
h['merkle_root'] = hash_encode(s[36:68])
h['timestamp'] = hex_to_int(s[68:72])
h['bits'] = hex_to_int(s[72:76])
h['nonce'] = hex_to_int(s[76:80])
h['block_height'] = height
return h
def hash_header(header):
if header is None:
return '0' * 64
if header.get('prev_block_hash') is None:
header['prev_block_hash'] = '00'*32
return hash_encode(Hash(bfh(serialize_header(header))))
blockchains = {}
def read_blockchains(config):
blockchains[0] = Blockchain(config, 0, None)
fdir = os.path.join(util.get_headers_dir(config), 'forks')
util.make_dir(fdir)
l = filter(lambda x: x.startswith('fork_'), os.listdir(fdir))
l = sorted(l, key = lambda x: int(x.split('_')[1]))
for filename in l:
checkpoint = int(filename.split('_')[2])
parent_id = int(filename.split('_')[1])
b = Blockchain(config, checkpoint, parent_id)
h = b.read_header(b.checkpoint)
if b.parent().can_connect(h, check_height=False):
blockchains[b.checkpoint] = b
else:
util.print_error("cannot connect", filename)
return blockchains
def check_header(header):
if type(header) is not dict:
return False
for b in blockchains.values():
if b.check_header(header):
return b
return False
def can_connect(header):
for b in blockchains.values():
if b.can_connect(header):
return b
return False
class Blockchain(util.PrintError):
"""
Manages blockchain headers and their verification
"""
def __init__(self, config, checkpoint, parent_id):
self.config = config
self.catch_up = None # interface catching up
self.checkpoint = checkpoint
self.checkpoints = constants.net.CHECKPOINTS
self.parent_id = parent_id
self.lock = threading.Lock()
with self.lock:
self.update_size()
def parent(self):
return blockchains[self.parent_id]
def get_max_child(self):
children = list(filter(lambda y: y.parent_id==self.checkpoint, blockchains.values()))
return max([x.checkpoint for x in children]) if children else None
def get_checkpoint(self):
mc = self.get_max_child()
return mc if mc is not None else self.checkpoint
def get_branch_size(self):
return self.height() - self.get_checkpoint() + 1
def get_name(self):
return self.get_hash(self.get_checkpoint()).lstrip('00')[0:10]
def check_header(self, header):
header_hash = hash_header(header)
height = header.get('block_height')
return header_hash == self.get_hash(height)
def fork(parent, header):
checkpoint = header.get('block_height')
self = Blockchain(parent.config, checkpoint, parent.checkpoint)
open(self.path(), 'w+').close()
self.save_header(header)
return self
def height(self):
return self.checkpoint + self.size() - 1
def size(self):
with self.lock:
return self._size
def update_size(self):
p = self.path()
self._size = os.path.getsize(p)//80 if os.path.exists(p) else 0
def verify_header(self, header, prev_hash, target):
_hash = hash_header(header)
if prev_hash != header.get('prev_block_hash'):
raise Exception("prev hash mismatch: %s vs %s" % (prev_hash, header.get('prev_block_hash')))
if constants.net.TESTNET:
return
bits = self.target_to_bits(target)
if bits != header.get('bits'):
raise Exception("bits mismatch: %s vs %s" % (bits, header.get('bits')))
if int('0x' + _hash, 16) > target:
raise Exception("insufficient proof of work: %s vs target %s" % (int('0x' + _hash, 16), target))
def verify_chunk(self, index, data):
num = len(data) // 80
prev_hash = self.get_hash(index * 2016 - 1)
target = self.get_target(index-1)
for i in range(num):
raw_header = data[i*80:(i+1) * 80]
header = deserialize_header(raw_header, index*2016 + i)
self.verify_header(header, prev_hash, target)
prev_hash = hash_header(header)
def path(self):
d = util.get_headers_dir(self.config)
filename = 'blockchain_headers' if self.parent_id is None else os.path.join('forks', 'fork_%d_%d'%(self.parent_id, self.checkpoint))
return os.path.join(d, filename)
def save_chunk(self, index, chunk):
filename = self.path()
d = (index * 2016 - self.checkpoint) * 80
if d < 0:
chunk = chunk[-d:]
d = 0
truncate = index >= len(self.checkpoints)
self.write(chunk, d, truncate)
self.swap_with_parent()
def swap_with_parent(self):
if self.parent_id is None:
return
parent_branch_size = self.parent().height() - self.checkpoint + 1
if parent_branch_size >= self.size():
return
self.print_error("swap", self.checkpoint, self.parent_id)
parent_id = self.parent_id
checkpoint = self.checkpoint
parent = self.parent()
self.assert_headers_file_available(self.path())
with open(self.path(), 'rb') as f:
my_data = f.read()
self.assert_headers_file_available(parent.path())
with open(parent.path(), 'rb') as f:
f.seek((checkpoint - parent.checkpoint)*80)
parent_data = f.read(parent_branch_size*80)
self.write(parent_data, 0)
parent.write(my_data, (checkpoint - parent.checkpoint)*80)
# store file path
for b in blockchains.values():
b.old_path = b.path()
# swap parameters
self.parent_id = parent.parent_id; parent.parent_id = parent_id
self.checkpoint = parent.checkpoint; parent.checkpoint = checkpoint
self._size = parent._size; parent._size = parent_branch_size
# move files
for b in blockchains.values():
if b in [self, parent]: continue
if b.old_path != b.path():
self.print_error("renaming", b.old_path, b.path())
os.rename(b.old_path, b.path())
# update pointers
blockchains[self.checkpoint] = self
blockchains[parent.checkpoint] = parent
def assert_headers_file_available(self, path):
if os.path.exists(path):
return
elif not os.path.exists(util.get_headers_dir(self.config)):
raise FileNotFoundError('Electrum headers_dir does not exist. Was it deleted while running?')
else:
raise FileNotFoundError('Cannot find headers file but headers_dir is there. Should be at {}'.format(path))
def write(self, data, offset, truncate=True):
filename = self.path()
with self.lock:
self.assert_headers_file_available(filename)
with open(filename, 'rb+') as f:
if truncate and offset != self._size*80:
f.seek(offset)
f.truncate()
f.seek(offset)
f.write(data)
f.flush()
os.fsync(f.fileno())
self.update_size()
def save_header(self, header):
delta = header.get('block_height') - self.checkpoint
data = bfh(serialize_header(header))
assert delta == self.size()
assert len(data) == 80
self.write(data, delta*80)
self.swap_with_parent()
def read_header(self, height):
assert self.parent_id != self.checkpoint
if height < 0:
return
if height < self.checkpoint:
return self.parent().read_header(height)
if height > self.height():
return
delta = height - self.checkpoint
name = self.path()
self.assert_headers_file_available(name)
with open(name, 'rb') as f:
f.seek(delta * 80)
h = f.read(80)
if len(h) < 80:
raise Exception('Expected to read a full header. This was only {} bytes'.format(len(h)))
if h == bytes([0])*80:
return None
return deserialize_header(h, height)
def get_hash(self, height):
if height == -1:
return '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
elif height == 0:
return constants.net.GENESIS
elif height < len(self.checkpoints) * 2016:
assert (height+1) % 2016 == 0, height
index = height // 2016
h, t = self.checkpoints[index]
return h
else:
return hash_header(self.read_header(height))
def get_target(self, index):
# compute target from chunk x, used in chunk x+1
if constants.net.TESTNET:
return 0
if index == -1:
return MAX_TARGET
if index < len(self.checkpoints):
h, t = self.checkpoints[index]
return t
# new target
first = self.read_header(index * 2016)
last = self.read_header(index * 2016 + 2015)
if not first or not last:
raise MissingHeader()
bits = last.get('bits')
target = self.bits_to_target(bits)
nActualTimespan = last.get('timestamp') - first.get('timestamp')
nTargetTimespan = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60
nActualTimespan = max(nActualTimespan, nTargetTimespan // 4)
nActualTimespan = min(nActualTimespan, nTargetTimespan * 4)
new_target = min(MAX_TARGET, (target * nActualTimespan) // nTargetTimespan)
return new_target
def bits_to_target(self, bits):
bitsN = (bits >> 24) & 0xff
if not (bitsN >= 0x03 and bitsN <= 0x1d):
raise Exception("First part of bits should be in [0x03, 0x1d]")
bitsBase = bits & 0xffffff
if not (bitsBase >= 0x8000 and bitsBase <= 0x7fffff):
raise Exception("Second part of bits should be in [0x8000, 0x7fffff]")
return bitsBase << (8 * (bitsN-3))
def target_to_bits(self, target):
c = ("%064x" % target)[2:]
while c[:2] == '00' and len(c) > 6:
c = c[2:]
bitsN, bitsBase = len(c) // 2, int('0x' + c[:6], 16)
if bitsBase >= 0x800000:
bitsN += 1
bitsBase >>= 8
return bitsN << 24 | bitsBase
def can_connect(self, header, check_height=True):
if header is None:
return False
height = header['block_height']
if check_height and self.height() != height - 1:
#self.print_error("cannot connect at height", height)
return False
if height == 0:
return hash_header(header) == constants.net.GENESIS
try:
prev_hash = self.get_hash(height - 1)
except:
return False
if prev_hash != header.get('prev_block_hash'):
return False
try:
target = self.get_target(height // 2016 - 1)
except MissingHeader:
return False
try:
self.verify_header(header, prev_hash, target)
except BaseException as e:
return False
return True
def connect_chunk(self, idx, hexdata):
try:
data = bfh(hexdata)
self.verify_chunk(idx, data)
#self.print_error("validated chunk %d" % idx)
self.save_chunk(idx, data)
return True
except BaseException as e:
self.print_error('verify_chunk %d failed'%idx, str(e))
return False
def get_checkpoints(self):
# for each chunk, store the hash of the last block and the target after the chunk
cp = []
n = self.height() // 2016
for index in range(n):
h = self.get_hash((index+1) * 2016 -1)
target = self.get_target(index)
cp.append((h, target))
return cp