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/*
This file is part of cpp-ethereum.
cpp-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
cpp-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with cpp-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
/** @file VM.cpp
* @author Gav Wood <i@gavwood.com>
* @date 2014
*/
#include "VM.h"
#include <libethereum/ExtVM.h>
using namespace std;
using namespace dev;
using namespace dev::eth;
struct InstructionMetric
{
int gasPriceTier;
int args;
int ret;
};
static array<InstructionMetric, 256> metrics()
{
array<InstructionMetric, 256> s_ret;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
{
InstructionInfo inst = instructionInfo((Instruction)i);
s_ret[i].gasPriceTier = inst.gasPriceTier;
s_ret[i].args = inst.args;
s_ret[i].ret = inst.ret;
}
return s_ret;
}
void VM::checkRequirements(u256& io_gas, ExtVMFace& _ext, OnOpFunc const& _onOp, Instruction _inst)
{
static const auto c_metrics = metrics();
auto& metric = c_metrics[static_cast<size_t>(_inst)];
if (metric.gasPriceTier == InvalidTier)
BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(BadInstruction());
// FEES...
bigint runGas = c_tierStepGas[metric.gasPriceTier];
bigint newTempSize = m_temp.size();
bigint copySize = 0;
// should work, but just seems to result in immediate errorless exit on initial execution. yeah. weird.
//m_onFail = std::function<void()>(onOperation);
require(metric.args, metric.ret);
auto onOperation = [&]()
{
if (_onOp)
_onOp(m_steps, _inst, newTempSize > m_temp.size() ? (newTempSize - m_temp.size()) / 32 : bigint(0), runGas, io_gas, this, &_ext);
};
auto memNeed = [](u256 _offset, dev::u256 _size) { return _size ? (bigint)_offset + _size : (bigint)0; };
switch (_inst)
{
case Instruction::SSTORE:
if (!_ext.store(m_stack.back()) && m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])
runGas = c_sstoreSetGas;
else if (_ext.store(m_stack.back()) && !m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])
{
runGas = c_sstoreResetGas;
_ext.sub.refunds += c_sstoreRefundGas;
}
else
runGas = c_sstoreResetGas;
break;
case Instruction::SLOAD:
runGas = c_sloadGas;
break;
// These all operate on memory and therefore potentially expand it:
case Instruction::MSTORE:
newTempSize = (bigint)m_stack.back() + 32;
break;
case Instruction::MSTORE8:
newTempSize = (bigint)m_stack.back() + 1;
break;
case Instruction::MLOAD:
newTempSize = (bigint)m_stack.back() + 32;
break;
case Instruction::RETURN:
newTempSize = memNeed(m_stack.back(), m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]);
break;
case Instruction::SHA3:
runGas = c_sha3Gas + (m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] + 31) / 32 * c_sha3WordGas;
newTempSize = memNeed(m_stack.back(), m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]);
break;
case Instruction::CALLDATACOPY:
copySize = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3];
newTempSize = memNeed(m_stack.back(), m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3]);
break;
case Instruction::CODECOPY:
copySize = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3];
newTempSize = memNeed(m_stack.back(), m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3]);
break;
case Instruction::EXTCODECOPY:
copySize = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 4];
newTempSize = memNeed(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 4]);
break;
case Instruction::JUMPDEST:
runGas = 1;
break;
case Instruction::LOG0:
case Instruction::LOG1:
case Instruction::LOG2:
case Instruction::LOG3:
case Instruction::LOG4:
{
unsigned n = (unsigned)_inst - (unsigned)Instruction::LOG0;
runGas = c_logGas + c_logTopicGas * n + (bigint)c_logDataGas * m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
newTempSize = memNeed(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 1], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]);
break;
}
case Instruction::CALL:
case Instruction::CALLCODE:
runGas = (bigint)c_callGas + m_stack[m_stack.size() - 1];
if (_inst != Instruction::CALLCODE && !_ext.exists(asAddress(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])))
runGas += c_callNewAccountGas;
if (m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3] > 0)
runGas += c_callValueTransferGas;
newTempSize = std::max(memNeed(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 6], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 7]), memNeed(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 4], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 5]));
break;
case Instruction::CREATE:
{
newTempSize = memNeed(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3]);
runGas = c_createGas;
break;
}
case Instruction::EXP:
{
auto expon = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
runGas = c_expGas + c_expByteGas * (32 - (h256(expon).firstBitSet() / 8));
break;
}
default:;
}
auto gasForMem = [](bigint _size) -> bigint
{
bigint s = _size / 32;
return (bigint)c_memoryGas * s + s * s / c_quadCoeffDiv;
};
newTempSize = (newTempSize + 31) / 32 * 32;
if (newTempSize > m_temp.size())
runGas += gasForMem(newTempSize) - gasForMem(m_temp.size());
runGas += c_copyGas * ((copySize + 31) / 32);
onOperation();
if (io_gas < runGas)
BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(OutOfGas());
io_gas -= (u256)runGas;
if (newTempSize > m_temp.size())
m_temp.resize((size_t)newTempSize);
}
bytesConstRef VM::execImpl(u256& io_gas, ExtVMFace& _ext, OnOpFunc const& _onOp)
{
m_stack.reserve((unsigned)c_stackLimit);
for (size_t i = 0; i < _ext.code.size(); ++i)
{
if (_ext.code[i] == (byte)Instruction::JUMPDEST)
m_jumpDests.push_back(i);
else if (_ext.code[i] >= (byte)Instruction::PUSH1 && _ext.code[i] <= (byte)Instruction::PUSH32)
i += _ext.code[i] - (size_t)Instruction::PUSH1 + 1;
}
auto verifyJumpDest = [](u256 const& _dest, std::vector<uint64_t> const& _validDests)
{
auto nextPC = static_cast<uint64_t>(_dest);
if (!std::binary_search(_validDests.begin(), _validDests.end(), nextPC) || _dest > std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())
BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(BadJumpDestination());
return nextPC;
};
auto copyDataToMemory = [](bytesConstRef _data, decltype(m_stack)& _stack, decltype(m_temp)& _memory)
{
auto offset = static_cast<size_t>(_stack.back());
_stack.pop_back();
bigint bigIndex = _stack.back();
auto index = static_cast<size_t>(bigIndex);
_stack.pop_back();
auto size = static_cast<size_t>(_stack.back());
_stack.pop_back();
size_t sizeToBeCopied = bigIndex + size > _data.size() ? _data.size() < bigIndex ? 0 : _data.size() - index : size;
if (sizeToBeCopied > 0)
std::memcpy(_memory.data() + offset, _data.data() + index, sizeToBeCopied);
if (size > sizeToBeCopied)
std::memset(_memory.data() + offset + sizeToBeCopied, 0, size - sizeToBeCopied);
};
m_steps = 0;
for (auto nextPC = m_curPC + 1; true; m_curPC = nextPC, nextPC = m_curPC + 1, ++m_steps)
{
Instruction inst = (Instruction)_ext.getCode(m_curPC);
checkRequirements(io_gas, _ext, _onOp, inst);
switch (inst)
{
case Instruction::ADD:
//pops two items and pushes S[-1] + S[-2] mod 2^256.
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] += m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::MUL:
//pops two items and pushes S[-1] * S[-2] mod 2^256.
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] *= m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::SUB:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() - m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::DIV:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] ? m_stack.back() / m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::SDIV:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] ? s2u(u2s(m_stack.back()) / u2s(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])) : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::MOD:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] ? m_stack.back() % m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::SMOD:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] ? s2u(u2s(m_stack.back()) % u2s(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])) : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::EXP:
{
auto base = m_stack.back();
auto expon = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.back() = (u256)boost::multiprecision::powm((bigint)base, (bigint)expon, bigint(1) << 256);
break;
}
case Instruction::NOT:
m_stack.back() = ~m_stack.back();
break;
case Instruction::LT:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() < m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] ? 1 : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::GT:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() > m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] ? 1 : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::SLT:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = u2s(m_stack.back()) < u2s(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]) ? 1 : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::SGT:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = u2s(m_stack.back()) > u2s(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]) ? 1 : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::EQ:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() == m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] ? 1 : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::ISZERO:
m_stack.back() = m_stack.back() ? 0 : 1;
break;
case Instruction::AND:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() & m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::OR:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() | m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::XOR:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() ^ m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::BYTE:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] = m_stack.back() < 32 ? (m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] >> (unsigned)(8 * (31 - m_stack.back()))) & 0xff : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::ADDMOD:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3] = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3] ? u256((bigint(m_stack.back()) + bigint(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])) % m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3]) : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::MULMOD:
m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3] = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3] ? u256((bigint(m_stack.back()) * bigint(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])) % m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3]) : 0;
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::SIGNEXTEND:
if (m_stack.back() < 31)
{
auto testBit = static_cast<unsigned>(m_stack.back()) * 8 + 7;
u256& number = m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
u256 mask = ((u256(1) << testBit) - 1);
if (boost::multiprecision::bit_test(number, testBit))
number |= ~mask;
else
number &= mask;
}
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::SHA3:
{
unsigned inOff = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned inSize = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.push_back(sha3(bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + inOff, inSize)));
break;
}
case Instruction::ADDRESS:
m_stack.push_back(fromAddress(_ext.myAddress));
break;
case Instruction::ORIGIN:
m_stack.push_back(fromAddress(_ext.origin));
break;
case Instruction::BALANCE:
{
m_stack.back() = _ext.balance(asAddress(m_stack.back()));
break;
}
case Instruction::CALLER:
m_stack.push_back(fromAddress(_ext.caller));
break;
case Instruction::CALLVALUE:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.value);
break;
case Instruction::CALLDATALOAD:
{
if ((bigint)m_stack.back() + 31 < _ext.data.size())
m_stack.back() = (u256)*(h256 const*)(_ext.data.data() + (size_t)m_stack.back());
else if ((bigint)m_stack.back() >= _ext.data.size())
m_stack.back() = u256();
else
{
h256 r;
for (uint64_t i = (unsigned)m_stack.back(), e = (unsigned)m_stack.back() + (uint64_t)32, j = 0; i < e; ++i, ++j)
r[j] = i < _ext.data.size() ? _ext.data[i] : 0;
m_stack.back() = (u256)r;
}
break;
}
case Instruction::CALLDATASIZE:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.data.size());
break;
case Instruction::CODESIZE:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.code.size());
break;
case Instruction::EXTCODESIZE:
m_stack.back() = _ext.codeAt(asAddress(m_stack.back())).size();
break;
case Instruction::CALLDATACOPY:
copyDataToMemory(_ext.data, m_stack, m_temp);
break;
case Instruction::CODECOPY:
copyDataToMemory(&_ext.code, m_stack, m_temp);
break;
case Instruction::EXTCODECOPY:
{
auto a = asAddress(m_stack.back());
m_stack.pop_back();
copyDataToMemory(&_ext.codeAt(a), m_stack, m_temp);
}
case Instruction::GASPRICE:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.gasPrice);
break;
case Instruction::BLOCKHASH:
m_stack.back() = (u256)_ext.blockhash(m_stack.back());
break;
case Instruction::COINBASE:
m_stack.push_back((u160)_ext.currentBlock.coinbaseAddress);
break;
case Instruction::TIMESTAMP:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.currentBlock.timestamp);
break;
case Instruction::NUMBER:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.currentBlock.number);
break;
case Instruction::DIFFICULTY:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.currentBlock.difficulty);
break;
case Instruction::GASLIMIT:
m_stack.push_back(_ext.currentBlock.gasLimit);
break;
case Instruction::PUSH1:
case Instruction::PUSH2:
case Instruction::PUSH3:
case Instruction::PUSH4:
case Instruction::PUSH5:
case Instruction::PUSH6:
case Instruction::PUSH7:
case Instruction::PUSH8:
case Instruction::PUSH9:
case Instruction::PUSH10:
case Instruction::PUSH11:
case Instruction::PUSH12:
case Instruction::PUSH13:
case Instruction::PUSH14:
case Instruction::PUSH15:
case Instruction::PUSH16:
case Instruction::PUSH17:
case Instruction::PUSH18:
case Instruction::PUSH19:
case Instruction::PUSH20:
case Instruction::PUSH21:
case Instruction::PUSH22:
case Instruction::PUSH23:
case Instruction::PUSH24:
case Instruction::PUSH25:
case Instruction::PUSH26:
case Instruction::PUSH27:
case Instruction::PUSH28:
case Instruction::PUSH29:
case Instruction::PUSH30:
case Instruction::PUSH31:
case Instruction::PUSH32:
{
int i = (int)inst - (int)Instruction::PUSH1 + 1;
nextPC = m_curPC + 1;
m_stack.push_back(0);
for (; i--; nextPC++)
m_stack.back() = (m_stack.back() << 8) | _ext.getCode(nextPC);
break;
}
case Instruction::POP:
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::DUP1:
case Instruction::DUP2:
case Instruction::DUP3:
case Instruction::DUP4:
case Instruction::DUP5:
case Instruction::DUP6:
case Instruction::DUP7:
case Instruction::DUP8:
case Instruction::DUP9:
case Instruction::DUP10:
case Instruction::DUP11:
case Instruction::DUP12:
case Instruction::DUP13:
case Instruction::DUP14:
case Instruction::DUP15:
case Instruction::DUP16:
{
auto n = 1 + (unsigned)inst - (unsigned)Instruction::DUP1;
m_stack.push_back(m_stack[m_stack.size() - n]);
break;
}
case Instruction::SWAP1:
case Instruction::SWAP2:
case Instruction::SWAP3:
case Instruction::SWAP4:
case Instruction::SWAP5:
case Instruction::SWAP6:
case Instruction::SWAP7:
case Instruction::SWAP8:
case Instruction::SWAP9:
case Instruction::SWAP10:
case Instruction::SWAP11:
case Instruction::SWAP12:
case Instruction::SWAP13:
case Instruction::SWAP14:
case Instruction::SWAP15:
case Instruction::SWAP16:
{
auto n = (unsigned)inst - (unsigned)Instruction::SWAP1 + 2;
auto d = m_stack.back();
m_stack.back() = m_stack[m_stack.size() - n];
m_stack[m_stack.size() - n] = d;
break;
}
case Instruction::MLOAD:
{
m_stack.back() = (u256)*(h256 const*)(m_temp.data() + (unsigned)m_stack.back());
break;
}
case Instruction::MSTORE:
{
*(h256*)&m_temp[(unsigned)m_stack.back()] = (h256)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2];
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
}
case Instruction::MSTORE8:
{
m_temp[(unsigned)m_stack.back()] = (byte)(m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2] & 0xff);
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
}
case Instruction::SLOAD:
m_stack.back() = _ext.store(m_stack.back());
break;
case Instruction::SSTORE:
_ext.setStore(m_stack.back(), m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]);
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::JUMP:
nextPC = verifyJumpDest(m_stack.back(), m_jumpDests);
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::JUMPI:
if (m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2])
nextPC = verifyJumpDest(m_stack.back(), m_jumpDests);
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::PC:
m_stack.push_back(m_curPC);
break;
case Instruction::MSIZE:
m_stack.push_back(m_temp.size());
break;
case Instruction::GAS:
m_stack.push_back(io_gas);
break;
case Instruction::JUMPDEST:
break;
case Instruction::LOG0:
_ext.log({}, bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 1], (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]));
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::LOG1:
_ext.log({m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3]}, bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 1], (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]));
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::LOG2:
_ext.log({m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 4]}, bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 1], (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]));
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::LOG3:
_ext.log({m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 4], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 5]}, bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 1], (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]));
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::LOG4:
_ext.log({m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 4], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 5], m_stack[m_stack.size() - 6]}, bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 1], (unsigned)m_stack[m_stack.size() - 2]));
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
m_stack.pop_back();
break;
case Instruction::CREATE:
{
auto endowment = m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned initOff = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned initSize = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
if (_ext.balance(_ext.myAddress) >= endowment && _ext.depth < 1024)
m_stack.push_back((u160)_ext.create(endowment, io_gas, bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + initOff, initSize), _onOp));
else
m_stack.push_back(0);
break;
}
case Instruction::CALL:
case Instruction::CALLCODE:
{
CallParameters callParams;
callParams.gas = m_stack.back();
if (m_stack[m_stack.size() - 3] > 0)
callParams.gas += c_callStipend;
m_stack.pop_back();
callParams.codeAddress = asAddress(m_stack.back());
m_stack.pop_back();
callParams.value = m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned inOff = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned inSize = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned outOff = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned outSize = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
if (_ext.balance(_ext.myAddress) >= callParams.value && _ext.depth < 1024)
{
callParams.onOp = _onOp;
callParams.senderAddress = _ext.myAddress;
callParams.receiveAddress = inst == Instruction::CALL ? callParams.codeAddress : callParams.senderAddress;
callParams.data = bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + inOff, inSize);
callParams.out = bytesRef(m_temp.data() + outOff, outSize);
m_stack.push_back(_ext.call(callParams));
}
else
m_stack.push_back(0);
io_gas += callParams.gas;
break;
}
case Instruction::RETURN:
{
unsigned b = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
unsigned s = (unsigned)m_stack.back();
m_stack.pop_back();
return bytesConstRef(m_temp.data() + b, s);
}
case Instruction::SUICIDE:
{
Address dest = asAddress(m_stack.back());
_ext.suicide(dest);
// ...follow through to...
}
case Instruction::STOP:
return bytesConstRef();
}
}
return bytesConstRef();
}