lightning/doc/STYLE.md

Care And Feeding of Your Fellow Coders

Style is an individualistic thing, but working on software is group activity, so consistency is important. Generally our coding style is similar to the Linux coding style.

Communication

We communicate with each other via code; we polish each others code, and give nuanced feedback. Exceptions to the rules below always exist: accept them. Particularly if they're funny!

Prefer Short Names

num_foos is better than number_of_foos, and i is better than counter. But bool found; is better than bool ret;. Be as short as you can but still descriptive.

Prefer 80 Columns

We have to stop somewhere. The two tools here are extracting deeply-indented code into their own functions, and use of short-cuts using early returns or continues, eg:

	for (i = start; i != end; i++) {
		if (i->something)
			continue;

		if (!i->something_else)
			continue;

		do_something(i);
}

Prefer Simple Statements

Notice the statement above uses separate tests, rather than combining them. We prefer to only combine conditionals which are fundamentally related, eg:

	if (i->something != NULL && *i->something < 100)

Use of take()

Some functions have parameters marked with TAKES, indicating that they can take lifetime ownership of a parameter which is passed using take(). This can be a useful optimization which allows the function to avoid making a copy, but if you hand take(foo) to something which doesn't support take() you'll probably leak memory!

In particular, our automatically generated marshalling code doesn't support take().

If you're allocating something simply to hand it via take() you should use NULL as the parent for clarity, eg:

	msg = towire_shutdown(NULL, &peer->channel_id, peer->final_scriptpubkey);
	enqueue_peer_msg(peer, take(msg));

Use of tmpctx

There's a convenient temporary tal context which gets cleaned regularly: you should use this for throwaways rather than (as you'll see some of our older code do!) grabbing some passing object to hang your temporaries off!

Enums and Switch Statements

If you handle various enumerated values in a switch, don't use default: but instead mention every enumeration case-by-case. That way when a new enumeration case is added, most compilers will warn that you don't cover it. This is particularly valuable for code auto-generated from the specification!

Initialization of Variables

Avoid double-initialization of variables; it's better to set them when they're known, eg:

	bool is_foo;
	
	if (bar == foo)
		is_foo = true;
	else
		is_foo = false;

	...
	if (is_foo)...

This way the compiler will warn you if you have one path which doesn't set the variable. If you initialize with bool is_foo = false; then you'll simply get that value without warning when you change the code and forget to set it on one path.

Initialization of Memory

valgrind warns about decisions made on uninitialized memory. Prefer tal and tal_arr to talz and tal_arrz for this reason, and initialize only the fields you expect to be used.

Similarly, you can use memcheck(mem, len) to explicity assert that memory should have been initialized, rather than having valgrind trigger later. We use this when placing things on queues, for example.

Use of static and const

Everything should be declared static and const by default. Note that tal_free() can free a const pointer (also, that it returns NULL, for convenience).

Typesafety Is Worth Some Pain

If code is typesafe, refactoring is as simple as changing a type and compiling to find where to refactor. We rely on this, so most places in the code will break if you hand the wrong type, eg type_to_string and structeq.

The two tools we have to help us are complicated macros in ccan/typesafe_cb allow you to create callbacks which must match the type of their argument, rather than using void *. The other is ARRAY_SIZE, a macro which won't compile if you hand it a pointer instead of an actual array.

Use of FIXME

There are two cases in which you should use a /* FIXME: */ comment: one is where an optimization is possible but it's not clear that it's yet worthwhile, and the second one is to note an ugly corner case which could be improved (and may be in a following patch).

There are always compromises in code: eventually it needs to ship. FIXME is grep-fodder for yourself and others, as well as useful warning signs if we later encounter an issue in some part of the code.

If You Don't Know The Right Thing, Do The Simplest Thing

Sometimes the right way is unclear, so it's best not to spend time on it. It's far easier to rewrite simple code than complex code, too.

Write For Today: Unused Code Is Buggy Code

Don't overdesign: complexity is a killer. If you need a fancy data structure, start with a brute force linked list. Once that's working, perhaps consider your fancy structure, but don't implement a generic thing. Use /* FIXME: ...*/ to salve your conscience.

Keep Your Patches Reviewable

Try to make a single change at a time. It's tempting to do "drive-by" fixes as you see other things, and a minimal amount is unavoidable, but you can end up shaving infinite yaks. This is a good time to drop a /* FIXME: ...*/ comment and move on.