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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<title>The Locking Subsystem</title>
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<div xmlns="" class="navheader">
<div class="libver">
<p>Library Version 12.1.6.2</p>
</div>
<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
<tr>
<th colspan="3" align="center">The Locking Subsystem</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="blocking_deadlocks.html">Prev</a> </td>
<th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 4. Concurrency</th>
<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="isolation.html">Next</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr />
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="lockingsubsystem"></a>The Locking Subsystem</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="sect2">
<a href="lockingsubsystem.html#configuringlock">Configuring the Locking Subsystem</a>
</span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="sect2">
<a href="lockingsubsystem.html#configdeadlkdetect">Configuring Deadlock Detection</a>
</span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="sect2">
<a href="lockingsubsystem.html#deadlockresolve">Resolving Deadlocks</a>
</span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="sect2">
<a href="lockingsubsystem.html#setpriority">Setting Transaction Priorities</a>
</span>
</dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
In order to allow concurrent operations, DB provides the locking
subsystem. This subsystem provides inter- and intra- process
concurrency mechanisms. It is extensively used by DB concurrent
applications, but it can also be generally used for non-DB
resources.
</p>
<p>
This section describes the locking subsystem as it is used to
protect DB resources. In particular, issues on configuration are
examined here. For information on using the locking subsystem to
manage non-DB resources, see the
<em class="citetitle">Berkeley DB Programmer's Reference Guide</em>.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="configuringlock"></a>Configuring the Locking Subsystem</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
You initialize the locking subsystem by specifying
<span>
<code class="literal">DB_INIT_LOCK</code> to the
<code class="methodname">DbEnv::open()</code>
method.
</span>
</p>
<p>
Before opening your environment, you can configure various
values for your locking subsystem. Note that these
limits can only be configured before the environment is
opened. Also, these methods configure the entire environment,
not just a specific environment handle.
</p>
<p>
Finally, each bullet below identifies the
<code class="filename">DB_CONFIG</code> file parameter that can be used
to specify the specific locking limit. If used, these
<code class="filename">DB_CONFIG</code> file parameters override any
value that you might specify using the environment handle.
</p>
<p>
The limits that you can configure are as follows:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc">
<li>
<p>
The number of lockers supported by the environment.
This value is used by the environment when it is
opened to estimate the amount of space that it
should allocate for various internal data
structures. By default, 1,000 lockers are
supported.
</p>
<p>
To configure this value, use the
<span>
<code class="methodname">DbEnv::set_memory_init()</code>
method to configure the <code class="literal">DB_MEM_LOCKER</code> structure.
</span>
</p>
<p>
As an alternative to this method, you can configure this
value using the <code class="filename">DB_CONFIG</code> file's
<code class="literal">set_lk_max_lockers</code> parameter.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The number of locks supported by the environment.
By default, 1,000 locks are supported.
</p>
<p>
To configure this value, use the
<span>
<code class="methodname">DbEnv::set_memory_init()</code>
method to configure the <code class="literal">DB_MEM_LOCK</code> structure.
</span>
</p>
<p>
As an alternative to this method, you can configure this
value using the <code class="filename">DB_CONFIG</code> file's
<code class="literal">set_lk_max_locks</code> parameter.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The number of locked objects supported by the
environment. By default, 1,000 objects can be
locked.
</p>
<p>
To configure this value, use the
<span>
<code class="methodname">DbEnv::set_memory_init()</code>
method to configure the <code class="literal">DB_MEM_LOCKOBJECT</code> structure.
</span>
</p>
<p>
As an alternative to this method, you can configure this
value using the <code class="filename">DB_CONFIG</code> file's
<code class="literal">set_lk_max_objects</code> parameter.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
For a definition of lockers, locks, and locked objects, see
<a class="xref" href="blocking_deadlocks.html#lockresources" title="Lock Resources">Lock Resources</a>.
</p>
<p>
For example, to configure the number of locks that your
environment can use:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">#include "db_cxx.h"
...
int main(void)
{
u_int32_t env_flags = DB_CREATE | // If the environment does not
// exist, create it.
DB_INIT_LOCK | // Initialize locking
DB_INIT_LOG | // Initialize logging
DB_INIT_MPOOL | // Initialize the cache
DB_THREAD | // Free-thread the env handle.
DB_INIT_TXN; // Initialize transactions
std::string envHome("/export1/testEnv");
DbEnv myEnv(0);
try {
// Configure max locks
myEnv.set_lk_max_locks(5000);
myEnv.set_memory_init(DB_MEM_LOCK, 5000);
myEnv.open(envHome.c_str(), env_flags, 0);
} catch(DbException &amp;e) {
std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Error opening database environment: "
&lt;&lt; envHome &lt;&lt; std::endl;
std::cerr &lt;&lt; e.what() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
return (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
try {
myEnv.close(0);
} catch(DbException &amp;e) {
std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Error closing database environment: "
&lt;&lt; envHome &lt;&lt; std::endl;
std::cerr &lt;&lt; e.what() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
return (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
} </pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="configdeadlkdetect"></a>Configuring Deadlock Detection</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In order for DB to know that a deadlock has occurred,
some mechanism must be used to perform deadlock
detection. There are three ways that deadlock detection can
occur:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>
Allow DB to internally detect deadlocks as they
occur.
</p>
<p>
To do this, you use
<span><code class="methodname">DbEnv::set_lk_detect()</code>.</span>
This method causes DB to walk its internal lock table
looking for a deadlock whenever a lock request
is blocked. This method also identifies how DB decides which lock
requests are rejected when deadlocks are detected. For example,
DB can decide to reject the lock request for the transaction
that has the most number of locks, the least number of locks,
holds the oldest lock, holds the most number of write locks, and
so forth (see the API reference documentation for a complete
list of the lock detection policies).
</p>
<p>
You can call this method at any time during your application's
lifetime, but typically it is used before you open your environment.
</p>
<p>
Note that how you want DB to decide which thread of control should break a deadlock is
extremely dependent on the nature of your application. It is not unusual for some performance
testing to be required in order to make this determination. That said, a transaction that is
holding the most number of locks is usually indicative of the transaction that has performed
the most amount of work. Frequently you will not want a transaction that has performed a lot of
work to abandon its efforts and start all over again. It is not therefore uncommon for
application developers to initially select the transaction with the <span class="emphasis"><em>minimum</em></span>
number of write locks to break the deadlock.
</p>
<p>
Using this mechanism for deadlock detection means
that your application will never have to wait on a
lock before discovering that a deadlock has
occurred. However, walking the lock table every
time a lock request is blocked can be expensive
from a performance perspective.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use a dedicated thread or external process to perform
deadlock detection. Note that this thread must be
performing no other database operations beyond deadlock
detection.
</p>
<p>
To externally perform lock detection, you can use
either the
<code class="methodname">DbEnv::lock_detect()</code>
method, or use the
<span class="command"><strong>db_deadlock</strong></span> command line
utility. This method (or command) causes DB to walk the
lock table looking for deadlocks.
</p>
<p>
Note that like
<span><code class="methodname">DbEnv::set_lk_detect()</code>,</span>
you also use this method (or command line utility)
to identify which lock requests are rejected in the
event that a deadlock is detected.
</p>
<p>
Applications that perform deadlock detection in
this way typically run deadlock detection between every few
seconds and a minute. This means that your
application may have to wait to be notified of a
deadlock, but you also save the overhead of walking
the lock table every time a lock request is blocked.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Lock timeouts.
</p>
<p>
You can configure your locking subsystem such that
it times out any lock that is not released within a
specified amount of time. To do this, use the
<span><code class="methodname">DbEnv::set_timeout()</code></span>
method.
Note that lock timeouts are only checked when a
lock request is blocked or when deadlock
detection is otherwise performed. Therefore, a lock can have timed out and still be held for
some length of time until DB has a reason to examine its locking tables.
</p>
<p>
Be aware that extremely long-lived transactions, or
operations that hold locks for a long time, may be
inappropriately timed out before the transaction or
operation has a chance to complete. You should
therefore use this mechanism only if you know your
application will hold locks for very short periods
of time.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>
For example, to configure your application such that DB
checks the lock table for deadlocks every time a lock
request is blocked:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">#include "db_cxx.h"
...
int main(void)
{
u_int32_t env_flags = DB_CREATE | // If the environment does not
// exist, create it.
DB_INIT_LOCK | // Initialize locking
DB_INIT_LOG | // Initialize logging
DB_INIT_MPOOL | // Initialize the cache
DB_THREAD | // Free-thread the env handle
DB_INIT_TXN; // Initialize transactions
std::string envHome("/export1/testEnv");
DbEnv myEnv(0);
try {
// Configure db to perform deadlock detection internally, and to
// choose the transaction that has performed the least amount
// of writing to break the deadlock in the event that one
// is detected.
myEnv.set_lk_detect(DB_LOCK_MINWRITE);
myEnv.open(envHome.c_str(), env_flags, 0);
// From here, you open your databases, proceed with your
// database operations, and respond to deadlocks as
// is normal (omitted for brevity).
...</pre>
<p>
Finally, the following command line call causes
deadlock detection to be run against the
environment contained in <code class="literal">/export/dbenv</code>. The
transaction with the youngest lock is chosen to break the
deadlock:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">&gt; /usr/local/db_install/bin/db_deadlock -h /export/dbenv -a y</pre>
<p>
For more information, see the
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17076_02/html/api_reference/C/db_deadlock.html" target="_top">
<code class="literal">db_deadlock</code> reference documentation.
</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="deadlockresolve"></a>Resolving Deadlocks</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
When DB determines that a deadlock has occurred, it will
select a thread of control to resolve the deadlock and then
<span>
throws <code class="literal">DbDeadlockException</code> in that
thread.
</span>
If a deadlock is detected, the thread must:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>
Cease all read and write operations.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Close all open cursors.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Abort the transaction.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Optionally retry the operation. If your application
retries deadlocked operations, the new attempt must
be made using a new transaction.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
If a thread has deadlocked, it may not make any
additional database calls using the handle that has
deadlocked.
</p>
</div>
<p>
For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">// retry_count is a counter used to identify how many times
// we've retried this operation. To avoid the potential for
// endless looping, we won't retry more than MAX_DEADLOCK_RETRIES
// times.
// txn is a transaction handle.
// key and data are DBT handles. Their usage is not shown here.
while (retry_count &lt; MAX_DEADLOCK_RETRIES) {
try {
envp-&gt;txn_begin(NULL, txn, 0);
dbp-&gt;put(txn, &amp;key, &amp;data, 0);
txn-&gt;commit(0);
return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
} catch (DbDeadlockException &amp;de) {
try {
// Abort the transaction and increment the
// retry counter
txn-&gt;abort();
retry_count++;
// If we've retried too many times, log it and exit
if (retry_count &gt;= MAX_DEADLOCK_RETRIES) {
envp-&gt;errx("Exceeded retry limit. Giving up.");
return (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
} catch (DbException &amp;ae) {
envp-&gt;err(ae.get_errno(), "txn abort failed.");
return (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
} catch (DbException &amp;e) {
try {
// For a generic error, log it and abort.
envp-&gt;err(e.get_errno(), "Error putting data.");
txn-&gt;abort();
} catch (DbException &amp;ae) {
envp-&gt;err(ae.get_errno(), "txn abort failed.");
return (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
} </pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="setpriority"></a>Setting Transaction Priorities</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Normally when a thread of control must be selected to
resolve a deadlock, DB decides which thread will
perform the resolution; you have no way of knowing in
advance which thread will be selected to resolve the
deadlock.
</p>
<p>
However, there may be situations where you know it is
better for one thread to resolve a deadlock over another
thread. As an example, if you have a background thread
running data management activities, and another thread
responding to user requests, you might want deadlock
resolution to occur in the background thread because you
can better afford the throughput costs there. Under these
circumstances, you can identify which thread of control
will be selected for resolved deadlocks by setting a
transaction priorities.
</p>
<p>
When two transactions are deadlocked, DB will abort the
transaction with the lowest priority. By default, every
transaction is given a priority of 100. However, you can
set a different priority on a transaction-by-transaction
basis by using the
<code class="methodname">DbTxn::set_priority()</code>
method.
</p>
<p>
When two or more transactions are tied for the lowest
priority, the tie is broken based on the policy provided to
<span>
the
<code class="methodname">DbEnv::lock_detect()</code>
method's <code class="literal">atype</code> parameter.
</span>
</p>
<p>
A transaction's priority can be changed at any time after
the transaction handle has been created and before the
transaction has been resolved (committed or aborted).
For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">#include "db_cxx.h"
...
int main(void)
{
...
try {
...
// Database and environment open omitted for brevity.
...
DbTxn *txn = NULL;
myEnv.txn_begin(NULL, &amp;txn, 0);
<strong class="userinput"><code>txn-&gt;set_priority(200);</code></strong>
try {
db-&gt;put(txn, &amp;key, &amp;data, 0);
txn-&gt;commit(0);
} catch (DbException &amp;e) {
std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Error in transaction: "
&lt;&lt; e.what() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
txn-&gt;abort();
}
} catch(DbException &amp;e) {
std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Error opening database and environment: "
&lt;&lt; file_name &lt;&lt; ", "
&lt;&lt; envHome &lt;&lt; std::endl;
std::cerr &lt;&lt; e.what() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}
...
} </pre>
</div>
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