node/deps/libeio/eio.3


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								.IX Title "LIBEIO 3"

								.TH LIBEIO 3 "2008-05-11" "libeio-1.0" "libeio - truly asynchronous POSIX I/O"

								.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes

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								.nh

								.SH "NAME"

								libev \- a high performance full\-featured event loop written in C

								.SH "SYNOPSIS"

								.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"

								.Vb 1

								\&  #include <ev.h>

								.Ve

								.Sh "\s-1EXAMPLE\s0 \s-1PROGRAM\s0"

								.IX Subsection "EXAMPLE PROGRAM"

								.Vb 2

								\&  // a single header file is required

								\&  #include <ev.h>

								\&

								\&  // every watcher type has its own typedef\*(Aqd struct

								\&  // with the name ev_<type>

								\&  ev_io stdin_watcher;

								\&  ev_timer timeout_watcher;

								\&

								\&  // all watcher callbacks have a similar signature

								\&  // this callback is called when data is readable on stdin

								\&  static void

								\&  stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    puts ("stdin ready");

								\&    // for one\-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher

								\&    // with its corresponding stop function.

								\&    ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);

								\&

								\&    // this causes all nested ev_loop\*(Aqs to stop iterating

								\&    ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  // another callback, this time for a time\-out

								\&  static void

								\&  timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    puts ("timeout");

								\&    // this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating

								\&    ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  int

								\&  main (void)

								\&  {

								\&    // use the default event loop unless you have special needs

								\&    struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);

								\&

								\&    // initialise an io watcher, then start it

								\&    // this one will watch for stdin to become readable

								\&    ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);

								\&    ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);

								\&

								\&    // initialise a timer watcher, then start it

								\&    // simple non\-repeating 5.5 second timeout

								\&    ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);

								\&    ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);

								\&

								\&    // now wait for events to arrive

								\&    ev_loop (loop, 0);

								\&

								\&    // unloop was called, so exit

								\&    return 0;

								\&  }

								.Ve

								.SH "DESCRIPTION"

								.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"

								The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted

								web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first

								time: <http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.

								.PP

								Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a

								file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage

								these event sources and provide your program with events.

								.PP

								To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process

								(or thread) by executing the \fIevent loop\fR handler, and will then

								communicate events via a callback mechanism.

								.PP

								You register interest in certain events by registering so-called \fIevent

								watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the

								details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the

								watcher.

								.Sh "\s-1FEATURES\s0"

								.IX Subsection "FEATURES"

								Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR, the

								BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms

								for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR interface

								(for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), relative timers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), absolute timers

								with customised rescheduling (\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR), synchronous signals

								(\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR), process status change events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR), and event

								watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR,

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers) as well as

								file watchers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR) and even limited support for fork events

								(\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR).

								.PP

								It also is quite fast (see this

								benchmark comparing it to libevent

								for example).

								.Sh "\s-1CONVENTIONS\s0"

								.IX Subsection "CONVENTIONS"

								Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)

								configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For

								more info about various configuration options please have a look at

								\&\fB\s-1EMBED\s0\fR section in this manual. If libev was configured without support

								for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of

								name \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR (which is always of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR) will not have

								this argument.

								.Sh "\s-1TIME\s0 \s-1REPRESENTATION\s0"

								.IX Subsection "TIME REPRESENTATION"

								Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the

								(fractional) number of seconds since the (\s-1POSIX\s0) epoch (somewhere near

								the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is

								called \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp\*(C'\fR, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases

								to the \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on

								it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name

								component \f(CW\*(C`stamp\*(C'\fR might indicate, it is also used for time differences

								throughout libev.

								.SH "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS"

								.IX Header "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS"

								These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the

								library in any way.

								.IP "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_time ()"

								Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp

								you actually want to know.

								.IP "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)"

								Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until

								either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically

								this is a subsecond-resolution \f(CW\*(C`sleep ()\*(C'\fR.

								.IP "int ev_version_major ()" 4

								.IX Item "int ev_version_major ()"

								.PD 0

								.IP "int ev_version_minor ()" 4

								.IX Item "int ev_version_minor ()"

								.PD

								You can find out the major and minor \s-1ABI\s0 version numbers of the library

								you linked against by calling the functions \f(CW\*(C`ev_version_major\*(C'\fR and

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_version_minor\*(C'\fR. If you want, you can compare against the global

								symbols \f(CW\*(C`EV_VERSION_MAJOR\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_VERSION_MINOR\*(C'\fR, which specify the

								version of the library your program was compiled against.

								.Sp

								These version numbers refer to the \s-1ABI\s0 version of the library, not the

								release version.

								.Sp

								Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,

								as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually

								compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually

								not a problem.

								.Sp

								Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong

								version.

								.Sp

								.Vb 3

								\&  assert (("libev version mismatch",

								\&           ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR

								\&           && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));

								.Ve

								.IP "unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()" 4

								.IX Item "unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()"

								Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding \f(CW\*(C`EV_BACKEND_*\*(C'\fR

								value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their

								availability on the system you are running on). See \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop\*(C'\fR for

								a description of the set values.

								.Sp

								Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and

								a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11

								.Sp

								.Vb 2

								\&  assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",

								\&           ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));

								.Ve

								.IP "unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()" 4

								.IX Item "unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()"

								Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also

								recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one

								returned by \f(CW\*(C`ev_supported_backends\*(C'\fR, as for example kqueue is broken on

								most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it

								(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that

								libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.

								.IP "unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()" 4

								.IX Item "unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()"

								Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This

								is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends

								might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()\*(C'\fR, likewise for

								recommended ones.

								.Sp

								See the description of \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info.

								.IP "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))" 4

								.IX Item "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))"

								Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar \- the

								semantics are identical to the \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is

								used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero

								when memory needs to be allocated (\f(CW\*(C`size != 0\*(C'\fR), the library might abort

								or take some potentially destructive action.

								.Sp

								Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement

								correct \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system

								\&\f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`free\*(C'\fR functions by default.

								.Sp

								You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,

								free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,

								or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.

								.Sp

								Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then

								retries (example requires a standards-compliant \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR).

								.Sp

								.Vb 6

								\&   static void *

								\&   persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)

								\&   {

								\&     for (;;)

								\&       {

								\&         void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);

								\&

								\&         if (newptr)

								\&           return newptr;

								\&

								\&         sleep (60);

								\&       }

								\&   }

								\&

								\&   ...

								\&   ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);

								.Ve

								.IP "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));" 4

								.IX Item "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));"

								Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such

								as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string

								indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this

								callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no

								matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the

								requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff

								(such as abort).

								.Sp

								Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.

								.Sp

								.Vb 6

								\&   static void

								\&   fatal_error (const char *msg)

								\&   {

								\&     perror (msg);

								\&     abort ();

								\&   }

								\&

								\&   ...

								\&   ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);

								.Ve

								.SH "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP"

								.IX Header "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP"

								An event loop is described by a \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR. The library knows two

								types of such loops, the \fIdefault\fR loop, which supports signals and child

								events, and dynamically created loops which do not.

								.IP "struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)" 4

								.IX Item "struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)"

								This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised

								yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns

								false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the

								flags. If that is troubling you, check \f(CW\*(C`ev_backend ()\*(C'\fR afterwards).

								.Sp

								If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this

								function.

								.Sp

								Note that this function is \fInot\fR thread-safe, so if you want to use it

								from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,

								as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).

								.Sp

								The default loop is the only loop that can handle \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR and

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler

								for \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR. If this is a problem for your app you can either

								create a dynamic loop with \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR that doesn't do that, or you

								can simply overwrite the \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR signal handler \fIafter\fR calling

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init\*(C'\fR.

								.Sp

								The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific

								backends to use, and is usually specified as \f(CW0\fR (or \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR).

								.Sp

								The following flags are supported:

								.RS 4

								.ie n .IP """EVFLAG_AUTO""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_AUTO\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EVFLAG_AUTO"

								The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right

								thing, believe me).

								.ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOENV""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOENV\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EVFLAG_NOENV"

								If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid

								or setgid) then libev will \fInot\fR look at the environment variable

								\&\f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will

								override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is

								useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work

								around bugs.

								.ie n .IP """EVFLAG_FORKCHECK""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_FORKCHECK\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EVFLAG_FORKCHECK"

								Instead of calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR manually after

								a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by

								enabling this flag.

								.Sp

								This works by calling \f(CW\*(C`getpid ()\*(C'\fR on every iteration of the loop,

								and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop

								iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my

								GNU/Linux system for example, \f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR is actually a simple 5\-insn sequence

								without a syscall and thus \fIvery\fR fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has

								\&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR which is even faster).

								.Sp

								The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and

								forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this

								flag.

								.Sp

								This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR

								environment variable.

								.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_SELECT""  (value 1, portable select backend)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_SELECT\fR  (value 1, portable select backend)" 4

								.IX Item "EVBACKEND_SELECT  (value 1, portable select backend)"

								This is your standard \fIselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as

								libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,

								but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when

								using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its

								usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.

								.Sp

								To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of

								parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are

								writing a server, you should \f(CW\*(C`accept ()\*(C'\fR in a loop to accept as many

								connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have

								a look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_set_io_collect_interval ()\*(C'\fR to increase the amount of

								readyness notifications you get per iteration.

								.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_POLL""    (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_POLL\fR    (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4

								.IX Item "EVBACKEND_POLL    (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)"

								And this is your standard \fIpoll\fR\|(2) backend. It's more complicated

								than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial

								limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down

								considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,

								i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR, above, for

								performance tips.

								.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_EPOLL""   (value 4, Linux)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_EPOLL\fR   (value 4, Linux)" 4

								.IX Item "EVBACKEND_EPOLL   (value 4, Linux)"

								For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,

								but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale

								like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),

								epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number

								of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect

								cases and requiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad

								support for dup.

								.Sp

								While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration

								will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident

								(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its

								best to avoid that. Also, \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed file descriptors might not work

								very well if you register events for both fds.

								.Sp

								Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you

								need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data

								(or space) is available.

								.Sp

								Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all

								watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.

								keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.

								.Sp

								While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in

								all kernel versions tested so far.

								.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_KQUEUE""  (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_KQUEUE\fR  (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4

								.IX Item "EVBACKEND_KQUEUE  (value 8, most BSD clones)"

								Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it

								was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably

								with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course

								it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being \*(L"autodetected\*(R"

								unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (\-enough)

								system like NetBSD.

								.Sp

								You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it

								only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on

								the target platform). See \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info.

								.Sp

								It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the

								kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of

								course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never

								cause an extra syscall as with \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_EPOLL\*(C'\fR, it still adds up to

								two event changes per incident, support for \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR is very bad and it

								drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.

								.Sp

								This backend usually performs well under most conditions.

								.Sp

								While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work

								everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken

								almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets

								(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop

								(e.g. \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR) and using it only for

								sockets.

								.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL"" (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_DEVPOLL\fR (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4

								.IX Item "EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL (value 16, Solaris 8)"

								This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an

								implementation). According to reports, \f(CW\*(C`/dev/poll\*(C'\fR only supports sockets

								and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend

								immensely.

								.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_PORT""    (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_PORT\fR    (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4

								.IX Item "EVBACKEND_PORT    (value 32, Solaris 10)"

								This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,

								it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).

								.Sp

								Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious

								notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid

								blocking when no data (or space) is available.

								.Sp

								While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active

								file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file

								descriptors a \*(L"slow\*(R" \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR backend

								might perform better.

								.Sp

								On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readyness notifications, this

								backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully

								embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.

								.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_ALL""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_ALL\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EVBACKEND_ALL"

								Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried

								with \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR.

								.Sp

								It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.

								.RE

								.RS 4

								.Sp

								If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these

								backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are

								specified, all backends in \f(CW\*(C`ev_recommended_backends ()\*(C'\fR will be tried.

								.Sp

								The most typical usage is like this:

								.Sp

								.Vb 2

								\&  if (!ev_default_loop (0))

								\&    fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");

								.Ve

								.Sp

								Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow

								environment settings to be taken into account:

								.Sp

								.Vb 1

								\&  ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);

								.Ve

								.Sp

								Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if

								available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private

								event loop and only if you know the \s-1OS\s0 supports your types of fds):

								.Sp

								.Vb 1

								\&  ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);

								.Ve

								.RE

								.IP "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)" 4

								.IX Item "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)"

								Similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop\*(C'\fR, but always creates a new event loop that is

								always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot

								handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by

								undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).

								.Sp

								Note that this function \fIis\fR thread-safe, and the recommended way to use

								libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the

								default loop in the \*(L"main\*(R" or \*(L"initial\*(R" thread.

								.Sp

								Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.

								.Sp

								.Vb 3

								\&  struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);

								\&  if (!epoller)

								\&    fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");

								.Ve

								.IP "ev_default_destroy ()" 4

								.IX Item "ev_default_destroy ()"

								Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state

								etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal

								sense, so e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_is_active\*(C'\fR might still return true. It is your

								responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef \fIbefore\fR

								calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually

								the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR them

								for example).

								.Sp

								Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by

								this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)

								would need to be stopped manually.

								.Sp

								In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the

								rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling

								pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR).

								.IP "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_loop_destroy (loop)"

								Like \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_destroy\*(C'\fR, but destroys an event loop created by an

								earlier call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR.

								.IP "ev_default_fork ()" 4

								.IX Item "ev_default_fork ()"

								This function sets a flag that causes subsequent \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR iterations

								to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the

								name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in

								the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little

								sense). You \fImust\fR call it in the child before using any of the libev

								functions, and it will only take effect at the next \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR iteration.

								.Sp

								On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child

								process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If

								you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.

								.Sp

								The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call

								it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in

								quite nicely into a call to \f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR:

								.Sp

								.Vb 1

								\&    pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);

								.Ve

								.IP "ev_loop_fork (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_loop_fork (loop)"

								Like \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR, but acts on an event loop created by

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop

								after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.

								.IP "int ev_is_default_loop (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "int ev_is_default_loop (loop)"

								Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.

								.IP "unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)"

								Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to

								the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at \f(CW0\fR and

								happily wraps around with enough iterations.

								.Sp

								This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it

								\&\*(L"ticks\*(R" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR calls.

								.IP "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)"

								Returns one of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_*\*(C'\fR flags indicating the event backend in

								use.

								.IP "ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)"

								Returns the current \*(L"event loop time\*(R", which is the time the event loop

								received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not

								change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base

								time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the

								event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).

								.IP "ev_loop (loop, int flags)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_loop (loop, int flags)"

								Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called

								after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling

								events.

								.Sp

								If the flags argument is specified as \f(CW0\fR, it will not return until

								either no event watchers are active anymore or \f(CW\*(C`ev_unloop\*(C'\fR was called.

								.Sp

								Please note that an explicit \f(CW\*(C`ev_unloop\*(C'\fR is usually better than

								relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has

								finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that

								automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of

								relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.

								.Sp

								A flags value of \f(CW\*(C`EVLOOP_NONBLOCK\*(C'\fR will look for new events, will handle

								those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in

								case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.

								.Sp

								A flags value of \f(CW\*(C`EVLOOP_ONESHOT\*(C'\fR will look for new events (waiting if

								neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block

								your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after

								one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some

								external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other

								libev watchers. However, a pair of \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers is

								usually a better approach for this kind of thing.

								.Sp

								Here are the gory details of what \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR does:

								.Sp

								.Vb 10

								\&   \- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.

								\&   * If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.

								\&   \- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.

								\&   \- Queue and call all prepare watchers.

								\&   \- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.

								\&   \- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.

								\&   \- Update the "event loop time".

								\&   \- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all

								\&     (active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having

								\&     any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).

								\&   \- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.

								\&   \- Block the process, waiting for any events.

								\&   \- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.

								\&   \- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.

								\&   \- Queue all outstanding timers.

								\&   \- Queue all outstanding periodics.

								\&   \- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.

								\&   \- Queue all check watchers.

								\&   \- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).

								\&     Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will

								\&     be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.

								\&   \- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK

								\&     were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise

								\&     continue with step *.

								.Ve

								.Sp

								Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding

								anymore.

								.Sp

								.Vb 4

								\&   ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long

								\&   ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)

								\&   ev_loop (my_loop, 0);

								\&   ... jobs done. yeah!

								.Ve

								.IP "ev_unloop (loop, how)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_unloop (loop, how)"

								Can be used to make a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR return early (but only after it

								has processed all outstanding events). The \f(CW\*(C`how\*(C'\fR argument must be either

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EVUNLOOP_ONE\*(C'\fR, which will make the innermost \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR call return, or

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EVUNLOOP_ALL\*(C'\fR, which will make all nested \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR calls return.

								.Sp

								This \*(L"unloop state\*(R" will be cleared when entering \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR again.

								.IP "ev_ref (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_ref (loop)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_unref (loop)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_unref (loop)"

								.PD

								Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event

								loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference

								count is nonzero, \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR will not return on its own. If you have

								a watcher you never unregister that should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from

								returning, \fIev_unref()\fR after starting, and \fIev_ref()\fR before stopping it. For

								example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not

								visible to the libev user and should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from exiting if

								no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent

								way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party

								libraries. Just remember to \fIunref after start\fR and \fIref before stop\fR

								(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,

								respectively).

								.Sp

								Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR

								running when nothing else is active.

								.Sp

								.Vb 4

								\&  struct ev_signal exitsig;

								\&  ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);

								\&  ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);

								\&  evf_unref (loop);

								.Ve

								.Sp

								Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.

								.Sp

								.Vb 2

								\&  ev_ref (loop);

								\&  ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);

								.Ve

								.IP "ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)"

								.PD

								These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting

								for events. Both are by default \f(CW0\fR, meaning that libev will try to

								invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.

								.Sp

								Setting these to a higher value (the \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR \fImust\fR be >= \f(CW0\fR)

								allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to

								increase efficiency of loop iterations.

								.Sp

								The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to

								handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes

								the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of \s-1CPU\s0 time to poll for new

								events, especially with backends like \f(CW\*(C`select ()\*(C'\fR which have a high

								overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.

								.Sp

								By setting a higher \fIio collect interval\fR you allow libev to spend more

								time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,

								at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR and

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will

								introduce an additional \f(CW\*(C`ev_sleep ()\*(C'\fR call into most loop iterations.

								.Sp

								Likewise, by setting a higher \fItimeout collect interval\fR you allow libev

								to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased

								latency (the watcher callback will be called later). \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers

								will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce

								any overhead in libev.

								.Sp

								Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect

								interval to a value near \f(CW0.1\fR or so, which is often enough for

								interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It

								usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than \f(CW0.01\fR,

								as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems.

								.SH "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER"

								.IX Header "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER"

								A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your

								interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for \s-1STDIN\s0 to

								become readable, you would create an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher for that:

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    ev_io_stop (w);

								\&    ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);

								\&  struct ev_io stdin_watcher;

								\&  ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);

								\&  ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);

								\&  ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);

								\&  ev_loop (loop, 0);

								.Ve

								.PP

								As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your

								watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,

								although this can sometimes be quite valid).

								.PP

								Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_init

								(watcher *, callback)\*(C'\fR, which expects a callback to be provided. This

								callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io

								watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given

								is readable and/or writable).

								.PP

								Each watcher type has its own \f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...)\*(C'\fR macro

								with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro

								to combine initialisation and setting in one call: \f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_init

								(watcher *, callback, ...)\*(C'\fR.

								.PP

								To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it

								with a watcher-specific start function (\f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher

								*)\*(C'\fR), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the

								corresponding stop function (\f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *)\*(C'\fR.

								.PP

								As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you

								must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never

								reinitialise it or call its \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR macro.

								.PP

								Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the

								registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as

								third argument.

								.PP

								The received events usually include a single bit per event type received

								(you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks

								are:

								.ie n .IP """EV_READ""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_READ\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_READ"

								.PD 0

								.ie n .IP """EV_WRITE""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_WRITE\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_WRITE"

								.PD

								The file descriptor in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher has become readable and/or

								writable.

								.ie n .IP """EV_TIMEOUT""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_TIMEOUT\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_TIMEOUT"

								The \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher has timed out.

								.ie n .IP """EV_PERIODIC""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_PERIODIC\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_PERIODIC"

								The \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watcher has timed out.

								.ie n .IP """EV_SIGNAL""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_SIGNAL\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_SIGNAL"

								The signal specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watcher has been received by a thread.

								.ie n .IP """EV_CHILD""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_CHILD\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_CHILD"

								The pid specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watcher has received a status change.

								.ie n .IP """EV_STAT""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_STAT\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_STAT"

								The path specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watcher changed its attributes somehow.

								.ie n .IP """EV_IDLE""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_IDLE\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_IDLE"

								The \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.

								.ie n .IP """EV_PREPARE""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_PREPARE\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_PREPARE"

								.PD 0

								.ie n .IP """EV_CHECK""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_CHECK\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_CHECK"

								.PD

								All \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just \fIbefore\fR \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR starts

								to gather new events, and all \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just after

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any

								received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as

								many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account

								(for example, a \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher might start an idle watcher to keep

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from blocking).

								.ie n .IP """EV_EMBED""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_EMBED\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_EMBED"

								The embedded event loop specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher needs attention.

								.ie n .IP """EV_FORK""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_FORK\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_FORK"

								The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR).

								.ie n .IP """EV_ASYNC""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_ASYNC\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_ASYNC"

								The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR).

								.ie n .IP """EV_ERROR""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_ERROR\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_ERROR"

								An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might

								happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev

								ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other

								problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping

								with the watcher being stopped.

								.Sp

								Libev will usually signal a few \*(L"dummy\*(R" events together with an error,

								for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if

								your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope

								with the error from \fIread()\fR or \fIwrite()\fR. This will not work in multithreaded

								programs, though, so beware.

								.Sh "\s-1GENERIC\s0 \s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1FUNCTIONS\s0"

								.IX Subsection "GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS"

								In the following description, \f(CW\*(C`TYPE\*(C'\fR stands for the watcher type,

								e.g. \f(CW\*(C`timer\*(C'\fR for \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watchers and \f(CW\*(C`io\*(C'\fR for \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers.

								.ie n .IP """ev_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)"

								This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents

								of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR will do). Only

								the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you \fIneed\fR to call

								the type-specific \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR macro afterwards to initialise the

								type-specific parts. For each type there is also a \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR macro

								which rolls both calls into one.

								.Sp

								You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped

								(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.

								.Sp

								The callback is always of type \f(CW\*(C`void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,

								int revents)\*(C'\fR.

								.ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_set"" (ev_TYPE *, [args])" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_set\fR (ev_TYPE *, [args])" 4

								.IX Item "ev_TYPE_set (ev_TYPE *, [args])"

								This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to

								call \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR at least once before you call this macro, but you can

								call \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR any number of times. You must not, however, call this

								macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a

								difference to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR macro).

								.Sp

								Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments

								(e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR) you still need to call its \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR macro.

								.ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" 4

								.IX Item "ev_TYPE_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])"

								This convinience macro rolls both \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR macro

								calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise

								a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.

								.ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_start"" (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_start\fR (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_TYPE_start (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)"

								Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive

								events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.

								.ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_stop"" (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_stop\fR (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_TYPE_stop (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)"

								Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending

								status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,

								non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop\*(C'\fR ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If

								you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a

								good idea to always call its \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop\*(C'\fR function.

								.IP "bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.IX Item "bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)"

								Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started

								and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify

								it.

								.IP "bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.IX Item "bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)"

								Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding

								events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher

								is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must

								make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR

								it).

								.IP "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.IX Item "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)"

								Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.

								.IP "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)"

								Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time

								(modulo threads).

								.IP "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.IX Item "int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)"

								.PD

								Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small

								integer between \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR (default: \f(CW2\fR) and \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR

								(default: \f(CW\*(C`\-2\*(C'\fR). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked

								before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers

								from being executed (except for \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers).

								.Sp

								This means that priorities are \fIonly\fR used for ordering callback

								invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for

								example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two

								watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.

								.Sp

								If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending

								you need to look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers, which provide this functionality.

								.Sp

								You \fImust not\fR change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or

								pending.

								.Sp

								The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is

								always \f(CW0\fR, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).

								.Sp

								Setting a priority outside the range of \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR is

								fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might

								or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.

								.IP "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)"

								Invoke the \f(CW\*(C`watcher\*(C'\fR with the given \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR. Neither

								\&\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR nor \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR need to be valid as long as the watcher callback

								can deal with that fact.

								.IP "int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4

								.IX Item "int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)"

								If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status

								and returns its \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the

								watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns \f(CW0\fR.

								.Sh "\s-1ASSOCIATING\s0 \s-1CUSTOM\s0 \s-1DATA\s0 \s-1WITH\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0"

								.IX Subsection "ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER"

								Each watcher has, by default, a member \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR that you can change

								and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used

								to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and

								don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data

								member, you can also \*(L"subclass\*(R" the watcher type and provide your own

								data:

								.PP

								.Vb 7

								\&  struct my_io

								\&  {

								\&    struct ev_io io;

								\&    int otherfd;

								\&    void *somedata;

								\&    struct whatever *mostinteresting;

								\&  }

								.Ve

								.PP

								And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you

								can cast it back to your own type:

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;

								\&    ...

								\&  }

								.Ve

								.PP

								More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback type

								instead have been omitted.

								.PP

								Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple

								watchers:

								.PP

								.Vb 6

								\&  struct my_biggy

								\&  {

								\&    int some_data;

								\&    ev_timer t1;

								\&    ev_timer t2;

								\&  }

								.Ve

								.PP

								In this case getting the pointer to \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR is a bit more complicated,

								you need to use \f(CW\*(C`offsetof\*(C'\fR:

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&  #include <stddef.h>

								\&

								\&  static void

								\&  t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *

								\&      (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  static void

								\&  t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *

								\&      (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));

								\&  }

								.Ve

								.SH "WATCHER TYPES"

								.IX Header "WATCHER TYPES"

								This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat

								information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,

								functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.

								.PP

								Members are additionally marked with either \fI[read\-only]\fR, meaning that,

								while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some

								sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the

								watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or \fI[read\-write]\fR, which

								means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher

								is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something

								sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will

								not crash or malfunction in any way.

								.ie n .Sh """ev_io"" \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_io\fP \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?"

								.IX Subsection "ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?"

								I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable

								in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading

								would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write

								some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep

								receiving events as long as the condition persists. Remember you can stop

								the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and neither want to

								receive future events.

								.PP

								In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per

								fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file

								descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not

								required if you know what you are doing).

								.PP

								If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend

								(at the time of this writing, this includes only \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR and

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR).

								.PP

								Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to

								receive \*(L"spurious\*(R" readyness notifications, that is your callback might

								be called with \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR but a subsequent \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) will actually block

								because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a

								lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into

								this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus

								it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) returning

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EAGAIN\*(C'\fR is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.

								.PP

								If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not

								play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test

								whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface

								such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on

								its own, so its quite safe to use).

								.PP

								\fIThe special problem of disappearing file descriptors\fR

								.IX Subsection "The special problem of disappearing file descriptors"

								.PP

								Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file

								descriptor (either by calling \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR explicitly or by any other means,

								such as \f(CW\*(C`dup\*(C'\fR). The reason is that you register interest in some file

								descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop

								this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is

								registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in

								fact, a different file descriptor.

								.PP

								To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows

								the following policy:  Each time \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR is being called, libev

								will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise

								it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that

								you \fIhave\fR to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR (or \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_init\*(C'\fR) when you change the

								descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.

								.PP

								This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that

								the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave

								optimisations to libev.

								.PP

								\fIThe special problem of dup'ed file descriptors\fR

								.IX Subsection "The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors"

								.PP

								Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,

								but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you

								have \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register

								events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.

								.PP

								There is no workaround possible except not registering events

								for potentially \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed file descriptors, or to resort to

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.

								.PP

								\fIThe special problem of fork\fR

								.IX Subsection "The special problem of fork"

								.PP

								Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR at all or exhibit

								useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about

								it in the child.

								.PP

								To support fork in your programs, you either have to call

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork ()\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork ()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child,

								enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.

								.PP

								\fIThe special problem of \s-1SIGPIPE\s0\fR

								.IX Subsection "The special problem of SIGPIPE"

								.PP

								While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about \s-1SIGPIPE:\s0

								when reading from a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program

								gets send a \s-1SIGPIPE\s0, which, by default, aborts your program. For most

								programs this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually

								undesirable.

								.PP

								So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you

								ignore \s-1SIGPIPE\s0 (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon

								somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions"

								.IP "ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)"

								.PD

								Configures an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher. The \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is the file descriptor to

								rceeive events for and events is either \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_READ | EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to receive the given events.

								.IP "int fd [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "int fd [read-only]"

								The file descriptor being watched.

								.IP "int events [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "int events [read-only]"

								The events being watched.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: Call \f(CW\*(C`stdin_readable_cb\*(C'\fR when \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0 has become, well

								readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could

								attempt to read a whole line in the callback.

								.PP

								.Vb 6

								\&  static void

								\&  stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&     ev_io_stop (loop, w);

								\&    .. read from stdin here (or from w\->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  ...

								\&  struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);

								\&  struct ev_io stdin_readable;

								\&  ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);

								\&  ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);

								\&  ev_loop (loop, 0);

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_timer"" \- relative and optionally repeating timeouts"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_timer\fP \- relative and optionally repeating timeouts"

								.IX Subsection "ev_timer - relative and optionally repeating timeouts"

								Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a

								given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.

								.PP

								The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that

								times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years

								time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. \*(L"Roughly\*(R" because

								detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the

								monotonic clock option helps a lot here).

								.PP

								The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR

								time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time

								of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If

								you suspect event processing to be delayed and you \fIneed\fR to base the timeout

								on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&   ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () \- ev_time (), 0.);

								.Ve

								.PP

								The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,

								but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then

								order of execution is undefined.

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)"

								.PD

								Configure the timer to trigger after \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR seconds. If \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR is

								\&\f(CW0.\fR, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the

								timer will automatically be configured to trigger again \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR seconds

								later, again, and again, until stopped manually.

								.Sp

								The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you

								configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at

								exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with

								the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the

								timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.

								.IP "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)"

								This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is

								repeating. The exact semantics are:

								.Sp

								If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.

								.Sp

								If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).

								.Sp

								If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the

								\&\f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value), or reset the running timer to the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value.

								.Sp

								This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical

								example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle

								timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60

								seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to

								configure an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR with a \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value of \f(CW60\fR and then call

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR each time you successfully read or write some data. If

								you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the

								socket, you can \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_stop\*(C'\fR the timer, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR will

								automatically restart it if need be.

								.Sp

								That means you can ignore the \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR value and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR

								altogether and only ever use the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR:

								.Sp

								.Vb 8

								\&   ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);

								\&   ev_timer_again (loop, timer);

								\&   ...

								\&   timer\->again = 17.;

								\&   ev_timer_again (loop, timer);

								\&   ...

								\&   timer\->again = 10.;

								\&   ev_timer_again (loop, timer);

								.Ve

								.Sp

								This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time

								you want to modify its timeout value.

								.IP "ev_tstamp repeat [read\-write]" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]"

								The current \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value. Will be used each time the watcher times out

								or \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR is called and determines the next timeout (if any),

								which is also when any modifications are taken into account.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void

								\&  one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  struct ev_timer mytimer;

								\&  ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);

								\&  ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);

								.Ve

								.PP

								Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of

								inactivity.

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void

								\&  timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    .. ten seconds without any activity

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  struct ev_timer mytimer;

								\&  ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */

								\&  ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */

								\&  ev_loop (loop, 0);

								\&

								\&  // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":

								\&  // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds

								\&  ev_timer_again (&mytimer);

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_periodic"" \- to cron or not to cron?"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_periodic\fP \- to cron or not to cron?"

								.IX Subsection "ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron?"

								Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile

								(and unfortunately a bit complex).

								.PP

								Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR's, they are not based on real time (or relative time)

								but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher

								to trigger \*(L"at\*(R" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a

								periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()

								+ 10.\*(C'\fR) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will

								take a year to trigger the event (unlike an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, which would trigger

								roughly 10 seconds later).

								.PP

								They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as

								triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,

								rules.

								.PP

								As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the

								time (\f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready

								during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)"

								.PD

								Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of

								operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:

								.RS 4

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)

								.Sp

								In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time

								\&\f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,

								that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the

								system time reaches or surpasses this time.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)

								.Sp

								In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next

								\&\f(CW\*(C`at + N * interval\*(C'\fR time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)

								and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.

								.Sp

								This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system

								time:

								.Sp

								.Vb 1

								\&   ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);

								.Ve

								.Sp

								This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,

								but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a

								full hour (\s-1UTC\s0), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible

								by 3600.

								.Sp

								Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible

								time where \f(CW\*(C`time = at (mod interval)\*(C'\fR, regardless of any time jumps.

								.Sp

								For numerical stability it is preferable that the \f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR value is near

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR (the current time), but there is no range requirement for

								this value.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)

								.Sp

								In this mode the values for \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR are both being

								ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the

								reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the

								current time as second argument.

								.Sp

								\&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback \s-1MUST\s0 \s-1NOT\s0 stop or destroy any periodic watcher,

								ever, or make any event loop modifications\fR. If you need to stop it,

								return \f(CW\*(C`now + 1e30\*(C'\fR (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by

								starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher, which is legal).

								.Sp

								Its prototype is \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,

								ev_tstamp now)\*(C'\fR, e.g.:

								.Sp

								.Vb 4

								\&   static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)

								\&   {

								\&     return now + 60.;

								\&   }

								.Ve

								.Sp

								It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value

								(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It

								will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but

								might be called at other times, too.

								.Sp

								\&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback must always return a time that is later than the

								passed \f(CI\*(C`now\*(C'\fI value\fR. Not even \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR itself will do, it \fImust\fR be larger.

								.Sp

								This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that

								triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the

								next midnight after \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR and return the timestamp value for this. How

								you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main

								reason I omitted it as an example).

								.RE

								.RS 4

								.RE

								.IP "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)"

								Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful

								when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return

								a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like

								program when the crontabs have changed).

								.IP "ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)"

								When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to

								trigger next.

								.IP "ev_tstamp offset [read\-write]" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp offset [read-write]"

								When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the

								absolute point in time (the \f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_set\*(C'\fR).

								.Sp

								Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic

								timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called.

								.IP "ev_tstamp interval [read\-write]" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp interval [read-write]"

								The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only

								take effect when the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being

								called.

								.IP "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read\-write]" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]"

								The current reschedule callback, or \f(CW0\fR, if this functionality is

								switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when

								the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the

								system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have

								potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void

								\&  clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;

								\&  ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);

								\&  ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);

								.Ve

								.PP

								Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&  #include <math.h>

								\&

								\&  static ev_tstamp

								\&  my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)

								\&  {

								\&    return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);

								.Ve

								.PP

								Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:

								.PP

								.Vb 4

								\&  struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;

								\&  ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,

								\&                    fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);

								\&  ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_signal"" \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_signal\fP \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!"

								.IX Subsection "ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!"

								Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific

								signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev

								will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the

								normal event processing, like any other event.

								.PP

								You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the

								first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher

								with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long

								as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal

								watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to

								\&\s-1SIG_DFL\s0 (regardless of what it was set to before).

								.PP

								If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with

								\&\f(CW\*(C`SA_RESTART\*(C'\fR behaviour enabled, so syscalls should not be unduly

								interrupted. If you have a problem with syscalls getting interrupted by

								signals you can block all signals in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher and unblock

								them in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher.

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)"

								.PD

								Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one

								of the \f(CW\*(C`SIGxxx\*(C'\fR constants).

								.IP "int signum [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "int signum [read-only]"

								The signal the watcher watches out for.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: Try to exit cleanly on \s-1SIGINT\s0 and \s-1SIGTERM\s0.

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void

								\&  sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  struct ev_signal signal_watcher;

								\&  ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);

								\&  ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_child"" \- watch out for process status changes"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_child\fP \- watch out for process status changes"

								.IX Subsection "ev_child - watch out for process status changes"

								Child watchers trigger when your process receives a \s-1SIGCHLD\s0 in response to

								some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It

								is permissible to install a child watcher \fIafter\fR the child has been

								forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event

								loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).

								.PP

								Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore

								you can only rgeister child watchers in the default event loop.

								.PP

								\fIProcess Interaction\fR

								.IX Subsection "Process Interaction"

								.PP

								Libev grabs \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR as soon as the default event loop is

								initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if

								the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurance

								of \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done

								synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all

								children, even ones not watched.

								.PP

								\fIOverriding the Built-In Processing\fR

								.IX Subsection "Overriding the Built-In Processing"

								.PP

								Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child

								processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child

								handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for

								\&\f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR after initialising the default loop, and making sure the

								default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an

								event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for

								that, so other libev users can use \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers freely.

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)"

								.PD

								Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process \f(CW\*(C`pid\*(C'\fR (or

								\&\fIany\fR process if \f(CW\*(C`pid\*(C'\fR is specified as \f(CW0\fR). The callback can look

								at the \f(CW\*(C`rstatus\*(C'\fR member of the \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watcher structure to see

								the status word (use the macros from \f(CW\*(C`sys/wait.h\*(C'\fR and see your systems

								\&\f(CW\*(C`waitpid\*(C'\fR documentation). The \f(CW\*(C`rpid\*(C'\fR member contains the pid of the

								process causing the status change. \f(CW\*(C`trace\*(C'\fR must be either \f(CW0\fR (only

								activate the watcher when the process terminates) or \f(CW1\fR (additionally

								activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).

								.IP "int pid [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "int pid [read-only]"

								The process id this watcher watches out for, or \f(CW0\fR, meaning any process id.

								.IP "int rpid [read\-write]" 4

								.IX Item "int rpid [read-write]"

								The process id that detected a status change.

								.IP "int rstatus [read\-write]" 4

								.IX Item "int rstatus [read-write]"

								The process exit/trace status caused by \f(CW\*(C`rpid\*(C'\fR (see your systems

								\&\f(CW\*(C`waitpid\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sys/wait.h\*(C'\fR documentation for details).

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: \f(CW\*(C`fork()\*(C'\fR a new process and install a child handler to wait for

								its completion.

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&  ev_child cw;

								\&

								\&  static void

								\&  child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);

								\&    printf ("process %d exited with status %x\en", w\->rpid, w\->rstatus);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  pid_t pid = fork ();

								\&

								\&  if (pid < 0)

								\&    // error

								\&  else if (pid == 0)

								\&    {

								\&      // the forked child executes here

								\&      exit (1);

								\&    }

								\&  else

								\&    {

								\&      ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);

								\&      ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);

								\&    }

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_stat"" \- did the file attributes just change?"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_stat\fP \- did the file attributes just change?"

								.IX Subsection "ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?"

								This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls

								\&\f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR regularly (or when the \s-1OS\s0 says it changed) and sees if it changed

								compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.

								.PP

								The path does not need to exist: changing from \*(L"path exists\*(R" to \*(L"path does

								not exist\*(R" is a status change like any other. The condition \*(L"path does

								not exist\*(R" is signified by the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR field being zero (which is

								otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of

								the stat buffer having unspecified contents.

								.PP

								The path \fIshould\fR be absolute and \fImust not\fR end in a slash. If it is

								relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.

								.PP

								Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply

								calls \f(CW\*(C`stat (2)\*(C'\fR regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You

								can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify

								a polling interval of \f(CW0\fR (highly recommended!) then a \fIsuitable,

								unspecified default\fR value will be used (which you can expect to be around

								five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also

								impose a minimum interval which is currently around \f(CW0.1\fR, but thats

								usually overkill.

								.PP

								This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,

								as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be

								resource-intensive.

								.PP

								At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is

								implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the

								reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat

								semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should

								not change the semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers, which means that libev

								sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,

								but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there

								will be no polling.

								.PP

								\fI\s-1ABI\s0 Issues (Largefile Support)\fR

								.IX Subsection "ABI Issues (Largefile Support)"

								.PP

								Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default

								compilation environment, which means that on systems with optionally

								disabled large file support, you get the 32 bit version of the stat

								structure. When using the library from programs that change the \s-1ABI\s0 to

								use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to

								compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is

								obviously the case with any flags that change the \s-1ABI\s0, but the problem is

								most noticably with ev_stat and largefile support.

								.PP

								\fIInotify\fR

								.IX Subsection "Inotify"

								.PP

								When \f(CW\*(C`inotify (7)\*(C'\fR support has been compiled into libev (generally only

								available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up

								change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily

								when the first \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watcher is being started.

								.PP

								Inotify presence does not change the semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers

								except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid

								making regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR calls. Even in the presence of inotify support

								there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR polling.

								.PP

								(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to

								implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file

								descriptor open on the object at all times).

								.PP

								\fIThe special problem of stat time resolution\fR

								.IX Subsection "The special problem of stat time resolution"

								.PP

								The \f(CW\*(C`stat ()\*(C'\fR syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and

								even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still

								only support whole seconds.

								.PP

								That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can

								easily miss updates: on the first update, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR detects a change and

								calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update

								within the same second, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR will be unable to detect it as the stat

								data does not change.

								.PP

								The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more

								than second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using

								a roughly one-second-delay \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);

								ev_timer_again (loop, w)\*(C'\fR).

								.PP

								The \f(CW.02\fR offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies

								of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time

								might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to

								\&\f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR might return a timestamp with a full second later than

								a subsequent \f(CW\*(C`time\*(C'\fR call \- if the equivalent of \f(CW\*(C`time ()\*(C'\fR is used to

								update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses

								the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute

								the timer callback).

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)"

								.PD

								Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given

								\&\f(CW\*(C`path\*(C'\fR. The \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to

								be detected and should normally be specified as \f(CW0\fR to let libev choose

								a suitable value. The memory pointed to by \f(CW\*(C`path\*(C'\fR must point to the same

								path for as long as the watcher is active.

								.Sp

								The callback will receive \f(CW\*(C`EV_STAT\*(C'\fR when a change was detected, relative

								to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change

								was detected).

								.IP "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)"

								Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the

								watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid

								detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not

								the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the

								new values.

								.IP "ev_statdata attr [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "ev_statdata attr [read-only]"

								The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_statdata\*(C'\fR, this is usually the (or one of the) \f(CW\*(C`struct stat\*(C'\fR types

								suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised

								members to be present. If the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR member is \f(CW0\fR, then there was

								some error while \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fRing the file.

								.IP "ev_statdata prev [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "ev_statdata prev [read-only]"

								The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever

								\&\f(CW\*(C`prev\*(C'\fR != \f(CW\*(C`attr\*(C'\fR, or, more precisely, one or more of these members

								differ: \f(CW\*(C`st_dev\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_ino\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_mode\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_uid\*(C'\fR,

								\&\f(CW\*(C`st_gid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_rdev\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_size\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_atime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_mtime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_ctime\*(C'\fR.

								.IP "ev_tstamp interval [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "ev_tstamp interval [read-only]"

								The specified interval.

								.IP "const char *path [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "const char *path [read-only]"

								The filesystem path that is being watched.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: Watch \f(CW\*(C`/etc/passwd\*(C'\fR for attribute changes.

								.PP

								.Vb 10

								\&  static void

								\&  passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    /* /etc/passwd changed in some way */

								\&    if (w\->attr.st_nlink)

								\&      {

								\&        printf ("passwd current size  %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_size);

								\&        printf ("passwd current atime %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_mtime);

								\&        printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_mtime);

								\&      }

								\&    else

								\&      /* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */

								\&      puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "

								\&            "if this is windows, they already arrived\en");

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  ...

								\&  ev_stat passwd;

								\&

								\&  ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);

								\&  ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);

								.Ve

								.PP

								Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not

								miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so

								one might do the work both on \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR callback invocation \fIand\fR on

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR callback invocation).

								.PP

								.Vb 2

								\&  static ev_stat passwd;

								\&  static ev_timer timer;

								\&

								\&  static void

								\&  timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);

								\&

								\&    /* now it\*(Aqs one second after the most recent passwd change */

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  static void

								\&  stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    /* reset the one\-second timer */

								\&    ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  ...

								\&  ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);

								\&  ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);

								\&  ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_idle"" \- when you've got nothing better to do..."

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_idle\fP \- when you've got nothing better to do..."

								.IX Subsection "ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do..."

								Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher

								priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not

								count).

								.PP

								That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts

								(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be

								triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers

								are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop

								iteration \- until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events

								and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.

								.PP

								The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are

								active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.

								.PP

								Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful

								effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do

								\&\*(L"pseudo-background processing\*(R", or delay processing stuff to after the

								event loop has handled all outstanding events.

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)"

								Initialises and configures the idle watcher \- it has no parameters of any

								kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless,

								believe me.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: Dynamically allocate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher, start it, and in the

								callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.

								.PP

								.Vb 7

								\&  static void

								\&  idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    free (w);

								\&    // now do something you wanted to do when the program has

								\&    // no longer anything immediate to do.

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));

								\&  ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);

								\&  ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_prepare""\fP and \f(CW""ev_check"" \- customise your event loop!"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_prepare\fP and \f(CWev_check\fP \- customise your event loop!"

								.IX Subsection "ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!"

								Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:

								prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers

								afterwards.

								.PP

								You \fImust not\fR call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR or similar functions that enter

								the current event loop from either \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR

								watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The

								rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in

								those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR, blocking,

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be

								called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.

								.PP

								Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and

								their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track

								variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a

								coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if

								you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,

								in X programs you might want to do an \f(CW\*(C`XFlush ()\*(C'\fR in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR

								watcher).

								.PP

								This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need

								to be watched by the other library, registering \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers for

								them and starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher for any timeouts (many libraries

								provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for

								any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers

								and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer

								callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,

								because you never know, you know?).

								.PP

								As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate

								coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines

								during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines

								are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines

								with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine

								of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event

								loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping

								low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).

								.PP

								It is recommended to give \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers highest (\f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR)

								priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers

								after the poll. Also, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers,

								too) should not activate (\*(L"feed\*(R") events into libev. While libev fully

								supports this, they might get executed before other \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers

								did their job. As \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are often used to embed other

								(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable

								state until their \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher ran (always remind yourself to

								coexist peacefully with others).

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)"

								.PD

								Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher \- they have no

								parameters of any kind. There are \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare_set\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check_set\*(C'\fR

								macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules

								into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev

								(there is a Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR that does this, which you could

								use as a working example. Another Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR embeds a

								Glib main context into libev, and finally, \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR embeds \s-1EV\s0 into the

								Glib event loop).

								.PP

								Method 1: Add \s-1IO\s0 watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,

								and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows

								is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low

								priority for the check watcher or use \f(CW\*(C`ev_clear_pending\*(C'\fR explicitly, as

								the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.

								.PP

								.Vb 2

								\&  static ev_io iow [nfd];

								\&  static ev_timer tw;

								\&

								\&  static void

								\&  io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking

								\&  static void

								\&  adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    int timeout = 3600000;

								\&    struct pollfd fds [nfd];

								\&    // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.

								\&    adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));

								\&

								\&    /* the callback is illegal, but won\*(Aqt be called as we stop during check */

								\&    ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e\-3);

								\&    ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);

								\&

								\&    // create one ev_io per pollfd

								\&    for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)

								\&      {

								\&        ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,

								\&          ((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)

								\&           | (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));

								\&

								\&        fds [i].revents = 0;

								\&        ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);

								\&      }

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  // stop all watchers after blocking

								\&  static void

								\&  adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);

								\&

								\&    for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)

								\&      {

								\&        // set the relevant poll flags

								\&        // could also call adns_processreadable etc. here

								\&        struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;

								\&        int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);

								\&        if (revents & EV_READ ) fd\->revents |= fd\->events & POLLIN;

								\&        if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd\->revents |= fd\->events & POLLOUT;

								\&

								\&        // now stop the watcher

								\&        ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);

								\&      }

								\&

								\&    adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));

								\&  }

								.Ve

								.PP

								Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run \f(CW\*(C`adns_afterpoll\*(C'\fR

								in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.

								.PP

								Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event

								notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher

								callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void

								\&  timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    adns_state ads = (adns_state)w\->data;

								\&    update_now (EV_A);

								\&

								\&    adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  static void

								\&  io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    adns_state ads = (adns_state)w\->data;

								\&    update_now (EV_A);

								\&

								\&    if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable  (ads, w\->fd, &tv_now);

								\&    if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w\->fd, &tv_now);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  // do not ever call adns_afterpoll

								.Ve

								.PP

								Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you

								want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override

								their poll function.  The drawback with this solution is that the main

								loop is now no longer controllable by \s-1EV\s0. The \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR module does

								this.

								.PP

								.Vb 4

								\&  static gint

								\&  event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)

								\&  {

								\&    int got_events = 0;

								\&

								\&    for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)

								\&      // create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events

								\&

								\&    if (timeout >= 0)

								\&      // create/start timer

								\&

								\&    // poll

								\&    ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);

								\&

								\&    // stop timer again

								\&    if (timeout >= 0)

								\&      ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);

								\&

								\&    // stop io watchers again \- their callbacks should have set

								\&    for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)

								\&      ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);

								\&

								\&    return got_events;

								\&  }

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_embed"" \- when one backend isn't enough..."

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_embed\fP \- when one backend isn't enough..."

								.IX Subsection "ev_embed - when one backend isn't enough..."

								This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop

								into another (currently only \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR events are supported in the embedded

								loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect

								fashion and must not be used).

								.PP

								There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and

								prioritise I/O.

								.PP

								As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support

								sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you

								still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales

								so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it

								into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will

								be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but

								at least you can use both at what they are best.

								.PP

								As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have

								to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even

								priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case

								you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in

								a second one, and embed the second one in the first.

								.PP

								As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time

								there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then

								call \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)\*(C'\fR to make a single sweep and invoke

								their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded

								loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback

								to \f(CW0\fR, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the

								embedded loop sweep.

								.PP

								As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The

								callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can

								set the callback to \f(CW0\fR to avoid having to specify one if you are not

								interested in that.

								.PP

								Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:

								when you fork, you not only have to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR on both loops,

								but you will also have to stop and restart any \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers

								yourself.

								.PP

								Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embeddable_backends\*(C'\fR are, which, unfortunately, does not include any

								portable one.

								.PP

								So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared

								that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around

								this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to

								create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)"

								.PD

								Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be

								embeddable. If the callback is \f(CW0\fR, then \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep\*(C'\fR will be

								invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback

								to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,

								if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).

								.IP "ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)"

								Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works

								similarly to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)\*(C'\fR, but in the most

								apropriate way for embedded loops.

								.IP "struct ev_loop *other [read\-only]" 4

								.IX Item "struct ev_loop *other [read-only]"

								The embedded event loop.

								.PP

								\fIExamples\fR

								.IX Subsection "Examples"

								.PP

								Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default

								event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default

								loop is stored in \f(CW\*(C`loop_hi\*(C'\fR, while the mebeddable loop is stored in

								\&\f(CW\*(C`loop_lo\*(C'\fR (which is \f(CW\*(C`loop_hi\*(C'\fR in the acse no embeddable loop can be

								used).

								.PP

								.Vb 3

								\&  struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);

								\&  struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;

								\&  struct ev_embed embed;

								\&

								\&  // see if there is a chance of getting one that works

								\&  // (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)

								\&  loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()

								\&    ? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())

								\&    : 0;

								\&

								\&  // if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi

								\&  if (loop_lo)

								\&    {

								\&      ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);

								\&      ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);

								\&    }

								\&  else

								\&    loop_lo = loop_hi;

								.Ve

								.PP

								Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create

								a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any

								kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket\-only event loop in

								\&\f(CW\*(C`loop_socket\*(C'\fR. (One might optionally use \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOENV\*(C'\fR, too).

								.PP

								.Vb 3

								\&  struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);

								\&  struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;

								\&  struct ev_embed embed;

								\&

								\&  if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)

								\&    if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))

								\&      {

								\&        ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);

								\&        ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);

								\&      }

								\&

								\&  if (!loop_socket)

								\&    loop_socket = loop;

								\&

								\&  // now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else

								.Ve

								.ie n .Sh """ev_fork"" \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_fork\fP \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork"

								.IX Subsection "ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork"

								Fork watchers are called when a \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR was detected (usually because

								whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR). The invocation is done before the

								event loop blocks next and before \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are being called,

								and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork

								handlers will be invoked, too, of course.

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)"

								Initialises and configures the fork watcher \- it has no parameters of any

								kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_fork_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless,

								believe me.

								.ie n .Sh """ev_async"" \- how to wake up another event loop"

								.el .Sh "\f(CWev_async\fP \- how to wake up another event loop"

								.IX Subsection "ev_async - how to wake up another event loop"

								In general, you cannot use an \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from multiple threads or other

								asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event

								loops \- those are of course safe to use in different threads).

								.PP

								Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not

								control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers do: as long as the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is active, you

								can signal it by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, which is thread\- and signal

								safe.

								.PP

								This functionality is very similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, as signals,

								too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed

								(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_sent\*(C'\fR calls).

								.PP

								Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR works with any event loop, not

								just the default loop.

								.PP

								\fIQueueing\fR

								.IX Subsection "Queueing"

								.PP

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason

								is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a

								multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't

								need elaborate support such as pthreads.

								.PP

								That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own

								queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your

								queue:

								.IP "queueing from a signal handler context" 4

								.IX Item "queueing from a signal handler context"

								To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal

								handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for

								some fictitiuous \s-1SIGUSR1\s0 handler:

								.Sp

								.Vb 1

								\&   static ev_async mysig;

								\&

								\&   static void

								\&   sigusr1_handler (void)

								\&   {

								\&     sometype data;

								\&

								\&     // no locking etc.

								\&     queue_put (data);

								\&     ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);

								\&   }

								\&

								\&   static void

								\&   mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)

								\&   {

								\&     sometype data;

								\&     sigset_t block, prev;

								\&

								\&     sigemptyset (&block);

								\&     sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);

								\&     sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);

								\&

								\&     while (queue_get (&data))

								\&       process (data);

								\&

								\&     if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)

								\&       sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);

								\&   }

								.Ve

								.Sp

								(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use \f(CW\*(C`pthread_setmask\*(C'\fR

								instead of \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it

								either...).

								.IP "queueing from a thread context" 4

								.IX Item "queueing from a thread context"

								The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block

								threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to

								employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:

								.Sp

								.Vb 2

								\&   static ev_async mysig;

								\&   static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

								\&

								\&   static void

								\&   otherthread (void)

								\&   {

								\&     // only need to lock the actual queueing operation

								\&     pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);

								\&     queue_put (data);

								\&     pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);

								\&

								\&     ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);

								\&   }

								\&

								\&   static void

								\&   mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)

								\&   {

								\&     pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);

								\&

								\&     while (queue_get (&data))

								\&       process (data);

								\&

								\&     pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);

								\&   }

								.Ve

								.PP

								\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR

								.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"

								.IP "ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)"

								Initialises and configures the async watcher \- it has no parameters of any

								kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_asynd_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless,

								believe me.

								.IP "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)"

								Sends/signals/activates the given \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher, that is, feeds

								an \f(CW\*(C`EV_ASYNC\*(C'\fR event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_event\*(C'\fR, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or

								similar contexts (see the dicusssion of \f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR in the embedding

								section below on what exactly this means).

								.Sp

								This call incurs the overhead of a syscall only once per loop iteration,

								so while the overhead might be noticable, it doesn't apply to repeated

								calls to \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR.

								.IP "bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)" 4

								.IX Item "bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)"

								Returns a non-zero value when \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR has been called on the

								watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the

								event loop.

								.Sp

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When

								the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,

								it will reset the flag again. \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_pending\*(C'\fR can be used to very

								quickly check wether invoking the loop might be a good idea.

								.Sp

								Not that this does \fInot\fR check wether the watcher itself is pending, only

								wether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.

								.SH "OTHER FUNCTIONS"

								.IX Header "OTHER FUNCTIONS"

								There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.

								.IP "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)"

								This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your

								callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both

								watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd

								or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or

								more watchers yourself.

								.Sp

								If \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events

								is being ignored. Otherwise, an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher for the given \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR and

								\&\f(CW\*(C`events\*(C'\fR set will be craeted and started.

								.Sp

								If \f(CW\*(C`timeout\*(C'\fR is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be

								started. Otherwise an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher with after = \f(CW\*(C`timeout\*(C'\fR (and

								repeat = 0) will be started. While \f(CW0\fR is a valid timeout, it is of

								dubious value.

								.Sp

								The callback has the type \f(CW\*(C`void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)\*(C'\fR and gets

								passed an \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR set like normal event callbacks (a combination of

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ERROR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EV_TIMEOUT\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`arg\*(C'\fR

								value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_once\*(C'\fR:

								.Sp

								.Vb 7

								\&  static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)

								\&  {

								\&    if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)

								\&      /* doh, nothing entered */;

								\&    else if (revents & EV_READ)

								\&      /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);

								.Ve

								.IP "ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)"

								Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event

								had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an

								initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).

								.IP "ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)"

								Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected

								the given events it.

								.IP "ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)"

								Feed an event as if the given signal occured (\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR must be the default

								loop!).

								.SH "LIBEVENT EMULATION"

								.IX Header "LIBEVENT EMULATION"

								Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot

								emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,

								ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								Avoid using ev_flags and the EVLIST_*\-macros, while it is

								maintained by libev, it does not work exactly the same way as in libevent (consider

								it a private \s-1API\s0).

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities

								will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there

								is an ev_pri field.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the

								first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								Other members are not supported.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								The libev emulation is \fInot\fR \s-1ABI\s0 compatible to libevent, you need

								to use the libev header file and library.

								.SH "\*(C+ SUPPORT"

								.IX Header " SUPPORT"

								Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for \*(C+ that mainly allow

								you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change

								the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.

								.PP

								To use it,

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&  #include <ev++.h>

								.Ve

								.PP

								This automatically includes \fIev.h\fR and puts all of its definitions (many

								of them macros) into the global namespace. All \*(C+ specific things are

								put into the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace. It should support all the same embedding

								options as \fIev.h\fR, most notably \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR.

								.PP

								Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the \*(C+

								classes add (compared to plain C\-style watchers) is the event loop pointer

								that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if

								you disable \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR when embedding libev).

								.PP

								Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be

								used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only

								need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other

								types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing

								it).

								.PP

								Here is a list of things available in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace:

								.ie n .IP """ev::READ""\fR, \f(CW""ev::WRITE"" etc." 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev::READ\fR, \f(CWev::WRITE\fR etc." 4

								.IX Item "ev::READ, ev::WRITE etc."

								These are just enum values with the same values as the \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR etc.

								macros from \fIev.h\fR.

								.ie n .IP """ev::tstamp""\fR, \f(CW""ev::now""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev::tstamp\fR, \f(CWev::now\fR" 4

								.IX Item "ev::tstamp, ev::now"

								Aliases to the same types/functions as with the \f(CW\*(C`ev_\*(C'\fR prefix.

								.ie n .IP """ev::io""\fR, \f(CW""ev::timer""\fR, \f(CW""ev::periodic""\fR, \f(CW""ev::idle""\fR, \f(CW""ev::sig"" etc." 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWev::io\fR, \f(CWev::timer\fR, \f(CWev::periodic\fR, \f(CWev::idle\fR, \f(CWev::sig\fR etc." 4

								.IX Item "ev::io, ev::timer, ev::periodic, ev::idle, ev::sig etc."

								For each \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE\*(C'\fR watcher in \fIev.h\fR there is a corresponding class of

								the same name in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace, with the exception of \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR

								which is called \f(CW\*(C`ev::sig\*(C'\fR to avoid clashes with the \f(CW\*(C`signal\*(C'\fR macro

								defines by many implementations.

								.Sp

								All of those classes have these methods:

								.RS 4

								.IP "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()" 4

								.IX Item "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()"

								.PD 0

								.IP "ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)" 4

								.IX Item "ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)"

								.IP "ev::TYPE::~TYPE" 4

								.IX Item "ev::TYPE::~TYPE"

								.PD

								The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher

								with. If it is omitted, it will use \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR.

								.Sp

								The constructor calls \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR for you, which means you have to call the

								\&\f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR method before starting it.

								.Sp

								It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR

								method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.

								.Sp

								(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in \*(C+ which does

								not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).

								.Sp

								The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.

								.IP "w\->set<class, &class::method> (object *)" 4

								.IX Item "w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)"

								This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a

								signature of \f(CW\*(C`void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)\*(C'\fR, it receives the watcher as

								first argument and the \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR as second. The object must be given as

								parameter and is stored in the \f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR member of the watcher.

								.Sp

								This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from

								the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your

								callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR call and

								your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the

								thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.

								.Sp

								Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation

								.Sp

								.Vb 4

								\&  struct myclass

								\&  {

								\&    void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  myclass obj;

								\&  ev::io iow;

								\&  iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);

								.Ve

								.IP "w\->set<function> (void *data = 0)" 4

								.IX Item "w->set<function> (void *data = 0)"

								Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as

								callback. The optional \f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR argument will be stored in the watcher's

								\&\f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR member and is free for you to use.

								.Sp

								The prototype of the \f(CW\*(C`function\*(C'\fR must be \f(CW\*(C`void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)\*(C'\fR.

								.Sp

								See the method\-\f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR above for more details.

								.Sp

								Example:

								.Sp

								.Vb 2

								\&  static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }

								\&  iow.set <io_cb> ();

								.Ve

								.IP "w\->set (struct ev_loop *)" 4

								.IX Item "w->set (struct ev_loop *)"

								Associates a different \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop\*(C'\fR with this watcher. You can only

								do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).

								.IP "w\->set ([args])" 4

								.IX Item "w->set ([args])"

								Basically the same as \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR, with the same args. Must be

								called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets

								automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this

								method.

								.IP "w\->start ()" 4

								.IX Item "w->start ()"

								Starts the watcher. Note that there is no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument, as the

								constructor already stores the event loop.

								.IP "w\->stop ()" 4

								.IX Item "w->stop ()"

								Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument.

								.ie n .IP "w\->again () (""ev::timer""\fR, \f(CW""ev::periodic"" only)" 4

								.el .IP "w\->again () (\f(CWev::timer\fR, \f(CWev::periodic\fR only)" 4

								.IX Item "w->again () (ev::timer, ev::periodic only)"

								For \f(CW\*(C`ev::timer\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev::periodic\*(C'\fR, this invokes the corresponding

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_again\*(C'\fR function.

								.ie n .IP "w\->sweep () (""ev::embed"" only)" 4

								.el .IP "w\->sweep () (\f(CWev::embed\fR only)" 4

								.IX Item "w->sweep () (ev::embed only)"

								Invokes \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep\*(C'\fR.

								.ie n .IP "w\->update () (""ev::stat"" only)" 4

								.el .IP "w\->update () (\f(CWev::stat\fR only)" 4

								.IX Item "w->update () (ev::stat only)"

								Invokes \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat_stat\*(C'\fR.

								.RE

								.RS 4

								.RE

								.PP

								Example: Define a class with an \s-1IO\s0 and idle watcher, start one of them in

								the constructor.

								.PP

								.Vb 4

								\&  class myclass

								\&  {

								\&    ev::io   io;  void io_cb   (ev::io   &w, int revents);

								\&    ev:idle idle  void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);

								\&

								\&    myclass (int fd)

								\&    {

								\&      io  .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb  > (this);

								\&      idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);

								\&

								\&      io.start (fd, ev::READ);

								\&    }

								\&  };

								.Ve

								.SH "OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS"

								.IX Header "OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS"

								Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a

								numbe rof languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know

								any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop

								me a note.

								.IP "Perl" 4

								.IX Item "Perl"

								The \s-1EV\s0 module implements the full libev \s-1API\s0 and is actually used to test

								libev. \s-1EV\s0 is developed together with libev. Apart from the \s-1EV\s0 core module,

								there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces

								to \f(CW\*(C`libadns\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR), \f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP::EV\*(C'\fR) and the

								\&\f(CW\*(C`libglib\*(C'\fR event core (\f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR).

								.Sp

								It can be found and installed via \s-1CPAN\s0, its homepage is found at

								<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.

								.IP "Ruby" 4

								.IX Item "Ruby"

								Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset

								of the libev \s-1API\s0 and adds filehandle abstractions, asynchronous \s-1DNS\s0 and

								more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at

								<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.

								.IP "D" 4

								.IX Item "D"

								Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (\fIev.d\fR) for libev, to

								be found at <http://git.llucax.com.ar/?p=software/ev.d.git;a=summary>.

								.SH "MACRO MAGIC"

								.IX Header "MACRO MAGIC"

								Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal

								of which is \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR. This option determines whether (most)

								functions and callbacks have an initial \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR argument.

								.PP

								To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the

								following macros are defined:

								.ie n .IP """EV_A""\fR, \f(CW""EV_A_""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_A\fR, \f(CWEV_A_\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_A, EV_A_"

								This provides the loop \fIargument\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev

								loop argument\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole argument,

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_A_\*(C'\fR is used when other arguments are following. Example:

								.Sp

								.Vb 3

								\&  ev_unref (EV_A);

								\&  ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);

								\&  ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);

								.Ve

								.Sp

								It assumes the variable \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR is in scope,

								which is often provided by the following macro.

								.ie n .IP """EV_P""\fR, \f(CW""EV_P_""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_P\fR, \f(CWEV_P_\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_P, EV_P_"

								This provides the loop \fIparameter\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev

								loop parameter\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_P\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole parameter,

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_P_\*(C'\fR is used when other parameters are following. Example:

								.Sp

								.Vb 2

								\&  // this is how ev_unref is being declared

								\&  static void ev_unref (EV_P);

								\&

								\&  // this is how you can declare your typical callback

								\&  static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)

								.Ve

								.Sp

								It declares a parameter \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR, quite

								suitable for use with \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR.

								.ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT""\fR, \f(CW""EV_DEFAULT_""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_"

								Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default

								loop, if multiple loops are supported (\*(L"ev loop default\*(R").

								.ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT_UC""\fR, \f(CW""EV_DEFAULT_UC_""" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT_UC\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_UC_\fR" 4

								.IX Item "EV_DEFAULT_UC, EV_DEFAULT_UC_"

								Usage identical to \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_\*(C'\fR, but requires that the

								default loop has been initialised (\f(CW\*(C`UC\*(C'\fR == unchecked). Their behaviour

								is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous

								execution of \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init (...)\*(C'\fR.

								.Sp

								It is often prudent to use \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR when initialising the first

								watcher in a function but use \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_UC\*(C'\fR afterwards.

								.PP

								Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above

								macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported

								or not.

								.PP

								.Vb 5

								\&  static void

								\&  check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)

								\&  {

								\&    ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);

								\&  }

								\&

								\&  ev_check check;

								\&  ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);

								\&  ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);

								\&  ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);

								.Ve

								.SH "EMBEDDING"

								.IX Header "EMBEDDING"

								Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host

								applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra

								Game Server, the \s-1EV\s0 perl module, the \s-1GNU\s0 Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)

								and rxvt-unicode.

								.PP

								The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your

								source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so

								you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of

								libev somewhere in your source tree).

								.Sh "\s-1FILESETS\s0"

								.IX Subsection "FILESETS"

								Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files

								in your app.

								.PP

								\fI\s-1CORE\s0 \s-1EVENT\s0 \s-1LOOP\s0\fR

								.IX Subsection "CORE EVENT LOOP"

								.PP

								To include only the libev core (all the \f(CW\*(C`ev_*\*(C'\fR functions), with manual

								configuration (no autoconf):

								.PP

								.Vb 2

								\&  #define EV_STANDALONE 1

								\&  #include "ev.c"

								.Ve

								.PP

								This will automatically include \fIev.h\fR, too, and should be done in a

								single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use

								it, do the same for \fIev.h\fR in all files wishing to use this \s-1API\s0 (best

								done by writing a wrapper around \fIev.h\fR that you can include instead and

								where you can put other configuration options):

								.PP

								.Vb 2

								\&  #define EV_STANDALONE 1

								\&  #include "ev.h"

								.Ve

								.PP

								Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a \*(C+

								compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated

								as a bug).

								.PP

								You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory

								in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using \-Ilibev):

								.PP

								.Vb 4

								\&  ev.h

								\&  ev.c

								\&  ev_vars.h

								\&  ev_wrap.h

								\&

								\&  ev_win32.c      required on win32 platforms only

								\&

								\&  ev_select.c     only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)

								\&  ev_poll.c       only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)

								\&  ev_epoll.c      only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)

								\&  ev_kqueue.c     only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)

								\&  ev_port.c       only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)

								.Ve

								.PP

								\&\fIev.c\fR includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need

								to compile this single file.

								.PP

								\fI\s-1LIBEVENT\s0 \s-1COMPATIBILITY\s0 \s-1API\s0\fR

								.IX Subsection "LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API"

								.PP

								To include the libevent compatibility \s-1API\s0, also include:

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&  #include "event.c"

								.Ve

								.PP

								in the file including \fIev.c\fR, and:

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&  #include "event.h"

								.Ve

								.PP

								in the files that want to use the libevent \s-1API\s0. This also includes \fIev.h\fR.

								.PP

								You need the following additional files for this:

								.PP

								.Vb 2

								\&  event.h

								\&  event.c

								.Ve

								.PP

								\fI\s-1AUTOCONF\s0 \s-1SUPPORT\s0\fR

								.IX Subsection "AUTOCONF SUPPORT"

								.PP

								Instead of using \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE=1\*(C'\fR and providing your config in

								whatever way you want, you can also \f(CW\*(C`m4_include([libev.m4])\*(C'\fR in your

								\&\fIconfigure.ac\fR and leave \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR undefined. \fIev.c\fR will then

								include \fIconfig.h\fR and configure itself accordingly.

								.PP

								For this of course you need the m4 file:

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&  libev.m4

								.Ve

								.Sh "\s-1PREPROCESSOR\s0 \s-1SYMBOLS/MACROS\s0"

								.IX Subsection "PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS"

								Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to

								define before including any of its files. The default in the absense of

								autoconf is noted for every option.

								.IP "\s-1EV_STANDALONE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_STANDALONE"

								Must always be \f(CW1\fR if you do not use autoconf configuration, which

								keeps libev from including \fIconfig.h\fR, and it also defines dummy

								implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not

								supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in

								\&\fIevent.h\fR that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_MONOTONIC\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_MONOTONIC"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to detect the availability of the

								monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use

								of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you

								usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when

								the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have

								to make sure you link against any libraries where the \f(CW\*(C`clock_gettime\*(C'\fR

								function is hiding in (often \fI\-lrt\fR).

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_REALTIME\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_REALTIME"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to detect the availability of the

								realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at

								runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will

								be attempted. This effectively replaces \f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR by \f(CW\*(C`clock_get

								(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)\*(C'\fR and will not normally affect correctness. See the

								note about libraries in the description of \f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_MONOTONIC\*(C'\fR, though.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_NANOSLEEP\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_NANOSLEEP"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`nanosleep ()\*(C'\fR is available

								and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use \f(CW\*(C`select ()\*(C'\fR.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_EVENTFD\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_EVENTFD"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`eventfd ()\*(C'\fR is

								available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR performance and reduce resource consumption.

								If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc

								2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_SELECT\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_SELECT"

								If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the

								\&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no

								other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend

								will not be compiled in.

								.IP "\s-1EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET"

								If defined to \f(CW1\fR, then the select backend will use the system \f(CW\*(C`fd_set\*(C'\fR

								structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing

								\&\f(CW\*(C`NFDBITS\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`fd_mask\*(C'\fR definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on

								exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some

								low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only

								allows 64 sockets). The \f(CW\*(C`FD_SETSIZE\*(C'\fR macro, set before compilation, might

								influence the size of the \f(CW\*(C`fd_set\*(C'\fR used.

								.IP "\s-1EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET"

								When defined to \f(CW1\fR, the select backend will assume that

								select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but

								wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to

								be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call

								\&\f(CW\*(C`_get_osfhandle\*(C'\fR on the fd to convert it to an \s-1OS\s0 handle. Otherwise,

								it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even

								on win32. Should not be defined on non\-win32 platforms.

								.IP "\s-1EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE"

								If \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\*(C'\fR is enabled, then libev needs a way to map

								file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the

								default), then libev will call \f(CW\*(C`_get_osfhandle\*(C'\fR, which is usually

								correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,

								in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_POLL\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_POLL"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR(2)

								backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non\-win32 platforms. It

								takes precedence over select.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_EPOLL\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_EPOLL"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux

								\&\f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,

								otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred

								backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the

								headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_KQUEUE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_KQUEUE"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \s-1BSD\s0 style

								\&\f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,

								otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred

								backend for \s-1BSD\s0 and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only

								supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that

								supports ptys for example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but

								not be used unless explicitly requested. The best way to use it is to find

								out whether kqueue supports your type of fd properly and use an embedded

								kqueue loop.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_PORT\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_PORT"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Solaris

								10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,

								otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred

								backend for Solaris 10 systems.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_DEVPOLL\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_DEVPOLL"

								reserved for future expansion, works like the \s-1USE\s0 symbols above.

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_INOTIFY\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_INOTIFY"

								If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify

								interface to speed up \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Its actual availability will

								be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers

								indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.

								.IP "\s-1EV_ATOMIC_T\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_ATOMIC_T"

								Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing \f(CW0\fR or \f(CW1\fR) whose

								access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such

								type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type

								that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler \*(L"locking\*(R"

								as well as for signal and thread safety in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers.

								.Sp

								In the absense of this define, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR

								(from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms.

								.IP "\s-1EV_H\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_H"

								The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if

								undefined is \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIevent.h\fR, \fIev.c\fR and \fIev++.h\fR. This can be

								used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts.

								.IP "\s-1EV_CONFIG_H\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_CONFIG_H"

								If \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR isn't \f(CW1\fR, this variable can be used to override

								\&\fIev.c\fR's idea of where to find the \fIconfig.h\fR file, similarly to

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, above.

								.IP "\s-1EV_EVENT_H\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_EVENT_H"

								Similarly to \f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, this macro can be used to override \fIevent.c\fR's idea

								of how the \fIevent.h\fR header can be found, the default is \f(CW"event.h"\fR.

								.IP "\s-1EV_PROTOTYPES\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_PROTOTYPES"

								If defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then \fIev.h\fR will not define any function

								prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is

								occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions

								around libev functions.

								.IP "\s-1EV_MULTIPLICITY\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_MULTIPLICITY"

								If undefined or defined to \f(CW1\fR, then all event-loop-specific functions

								will have the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument, and you can create

								additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support

								for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer

								argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.

								.IP "\s-1EV_MINPRI\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_MINPRI"

								.PD 0

								.IP "\s-1EV_MAXPRI\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_MAXPRI"

								.PD

								The range of allowed priorities. \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR must be smaller or equal to

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can

								provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined

								to be \f(CW\*(C`\-2\*(C'\fR and \f(CW2\fR, respectively).

								.Sp

								When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search

								all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space

								and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (\-2 .. +2) is usually

								fine.

								.Sp

								If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to

								\&\f(CW0\fR will save some memory and cpu.

								.IP "\s-1EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE"

								If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then periodic timers are supported. If

								defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of

								code.

								.IP "\s-1EV_IDLE_ENABLE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_IDLE_ENABLE"

								If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then idle watchers are supported. If

								defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of

								code.

								.IP "\s-1EV_EMBED_ENABLE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_EMBED_ENABLE"

								If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then embed watchers are supported. If

								defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not.

								.IP "\s-1EV_STAT_ENABLE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_STAT_ENABLE"

								If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then stat watchers are supported. If

								defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not.

								.IP "\s-1EV_FORK_ENABLE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_FORK_ENABLE"

								If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then fork watchers are supported. If

								defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not.

								.IP "\s-1EV_ASYNC_ENABLE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_ASYNC_ENABLE"

								If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then async watchers are supported. If

								defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not.

								.IP "\s-1EV_MINIMAL\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_MINIMAL"

								If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some

								speed, define this symbol to \f(CW1\fR. Currently this is used to override some

								inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64. It also selects a

								much smaller 2\-heap for timer management over the default 4\-heap.

								.IP "\s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_PID_HASHSIZE"

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by

								pid. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR), usually more

								than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to

								increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of two).

								.IP "\s-1EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE"

								\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by

								inotify watch id. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR),

								usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR

								watchers you might want to increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of

								two).

								.IP "\s-1EV_USE_4HEAP\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_USE_4HEAP"

								Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the

								timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4\-heap when this symbol is defined

								to \f(CW1\fR. The 4\-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has a

								noticable after performance with many (thousands) of watchers.

								.Sp

								The default is \f(CW1\fR unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR is set in which case it is \f(CW0\fR

								(disabled).

								.IP "\s-1EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT"

								Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the

								timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (\fIat\fR) within

								the heap structure (selected by defining \f(CW\*(C`EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT\*(C'\fR to \f(CW1\fR),

								which uses 8\-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,

								but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This noticably improves

								performance noticably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.

								.Sp

								The default is \f(CW1\fR unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR is set in which case it is \f(CW0\fR

								(disabled).

								.IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4

								.IX Item "EV_COMMON"

								By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining

								this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of

								members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,

								though, and it must be identical each time.

								.Sp

								For example, the perl \s-1EV\s0 module uses something like this:

								.Sp

								.Vb 3

								\&  #define EV_COMMON                       \e

								\&    SV *self; /* contains this struct */  \e

								\&    SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */

								.Ve

								.IP "\s-1EV_CB_DECLARE\s0 (type)" 4

								.IX Item "EV_CB_DECLARE (type)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "\s-1EV_CB_INVOKE\s0 (watcher, revents)" 4

								.IX Item "EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)"

								.IP "ev_set_cb (ev, cb)" 4

								.IX Item "ev_set_cb (ev, cb)"

								.PD

								Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,

								and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member

								definition and a statement, respectively. See the \fIev.h\fR header file for

								their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to

								avoid the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument in all cases, or to use

								method calls instead of plain function calls in \*(C+.

								.Sh "\s-1EXPORTED\s0 \s-1API\s0 \s-1SYMBOLS\s0"

								.IX Subsection "EXPORTED API SYMBOLS"

								If you need to re-export the \s-1API\s0 (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of

								exported symbols, you can use the provided \fISymbol.*\fR files which list

								all public symbols, one per line:

								.PP

								.Vb 2

								\&  Symbols.ev      for libev proper

								\&  Symbols.event   for the libevent emulation

								.Ve

								.PP

								This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with

								multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in

								itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).

								.PP

								A sed command like this will create wrapper \f(CW\*(C`#define\*(C'\fR's that you need to

								include before including \fIev.h\fR:

								.PP

								.Vb 1

								\&   <Symbols.ev sed \-e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h

								.Ve

								.PP

								This would create a file \fIwrap.h\fR which essentially looks like this:

								.PP

								.Vb 4

								\&   #define ev_backend     myprefix_ev_backend

								\&   #define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start

								\&   #define ev_check_stop  myprefix_ev_check_stop

								\&   ...

								.Ve

								.Sh "\s-1EXAMPLES\s0"

								.IX Subsection "EXAMPLES"

								For a real-world example of a program the includes libev

								verbatim, you can have a look at the \s-1EV\s0 perl module

								(<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html>). It has the libev files in

								the \fIlibev/\fR subdirectory and includes them in the \fI\s-1EV/EVAPI\s0.h\fR (public

								interface) and \fI\s-1EV\s0.xs\fR (implementation) files. Only the \fI\s-1EV\s0.xs\fR file

								will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header

								file.

								.PP

								The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a \fIev_cpp.h\fR header file

								that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:

								.PP

								.Vb 9

								\&  #define EV_MINIMAL 1

								\&  #define EV_USE_POLL 0

								\&  #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0

								\&  #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0

								\&  #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0

								\&  #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0

								\&  #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>

								\&  #define EV_MINPRI 0

								\&  #define EV_MAXPRI 0

								\&

								\&  #include "ev++.h"

								.Ve

								.PP

								And a \fIev_cpp.C\fR implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:

								.PP

								.Vb 2

								\&  #include "ev_cpp.h"

								\&  #include "ev.c"

								.Ve

								.SH "THREADS AND COROUTINES"

								.IX Header "THREADS AND COROUTINES"

								.Sh "\s-1THREADS\s0"

								.IX Subsection "THREADS"

								Libev itself is completely threadsafe, but it uses no locking. This

								means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as

								only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop

								parameter.

								.PP

								Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in

								parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be

								done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one

								thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex

								per loop).

								.PP

								If you want to know which design is best for your problem, then I cannot

								help you but by giving some generic advice:

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop

								in that thread, or create a seperate thread running only the default loop.

								.Sp

								This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev

								themselves and don't care/know about threading.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								one loop per thread is usually a good model.

								.Sp

								Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model

								exists, but it is always a good start.

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one

								loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robbin fashion.

								.Sp

								Chosing a model is hard \- look around, learn, know that usually you cna do

								better than you currently do :\-)

								.IP "\(bu" 4

								often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the

								event loop \- \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers can be used to wake them up from other

								threads safely (or from signal contexts...).

								.Sh "\s-1COROUTINES\s0"

								.IX Subsection "COROUTINES"

								Libev is much more accomodating to coroutines (\*(L"cooperative threads\*(R"):

								libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different

								coroutines (e.g. you can call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR on the same loop from two

								different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the

								loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that

								you must not do this from \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR reschedule callbacks.

								.PP

								Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local

								state inside \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine

								switches.

								.SH "COMPLEXITIES"

								.IX Header "COMPLEXITIES"

								In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside

								libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the

								documentation for \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init\*(C'\fR.

								.PP

								All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be

								extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this

								happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might

								mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average

								it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.

								.IP "Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)" 4

								.IX Item "Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)"

								This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and

								there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will

								have to skip roughly seven (\f(CW\*(C`ld 100\*(C'\fR) of these watchers.

								.IP "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)" 4

								.IX Item "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)"

								That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them

								as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.

								.IP "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)" 4

								.IX Item "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)"

								These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.

								.IP "Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)" 4

								.IX Item "Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % \s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0))" 4

								.IX Item "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))"

								.PD

								These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the

								correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually

								have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).

								.IP "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)" 4

								.IX Item "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)"

								By virtue of using a binary or 4\-heap, the next timer is always found at a

								fixed position in the storage array.

								.IP "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" 4

								.IX Item "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)"

								A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires

								libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending

								on backend and wether \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR was used).

								.IP "Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)" 4

								.IX Item "Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)" 4

								.IX Item "Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)"

								.PD

								Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each

								priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to

								linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating

								watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.

								.IP "Sending an ev_async: O(1)" 4

								.IX Item "Sending an ev_async: O(1)"

								.PD 0

								.IP "Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)" 4

								.IX Item "Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)"

								.IP "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)" 4

								.IX Item "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)"

								.PD

								Sending involves a syscall \fIiff\fR there were no other \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR

								calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events

								involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.

								.SH "Win32 platform limitations and workarounds"

								.IX Header "Win32 platform limitations and workarounds"

								Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. \s-1POSIX\s0) that libev

								requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the \s-1POSIX\s0

								model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in

								the form of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR backend, and only supports socket

								descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using

								e.g. cygwin.

								.PP

								Lifting these limitations would basically require the full

								re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of

								things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable

								way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).

								.PP

								There is no supported compilation method available on windows except

								embedding it into other applications.

								.PP

								Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and

								the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets

								is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use

								more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally

								different implementation for windows, as libev offers the \s-1POSIX\s0 readyness

								notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows

								(microsoft monopoly games).

								.IP "The winsocket select function" 4

								.IX Item "The winsocket select function"

								The winsocket \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR function doesn't follow \s-1POSIX\s0 in that it requires

								socket \fIhandles\fR and not socket \fIfile descriptors\fR. This makes select

								very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors

								to socket handles. See the discussion of the \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET\*(C'\fR,

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE\*(C'\fR preprocessor

								symbols for more info.

								.Sp

								The configuration for a \*(L"naked\*(R" win32 using the microsoft runtime

								libraries and raw winsocket select is:

								.Sp

								.Vb 2

								\&  #define EV_USE_SELECT 1

								\&  #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1   /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */

								.Ve

								.Sp

								Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a

								complexity in the O(nA\*^X) range when using win32.

								.IP "Limited number of file descriptors" 4

								.IX Item "Limited number of file descriptors"

								Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.

								.Sp

								Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum

								of \f(CW64\fR handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels

								can only wait for \f(CW64\fR things at the same time internally; microsoft

								recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the

								previous thread in each. Great).

								.Sp

								Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define \f(CW\*(C`FD_SETSIZE\*(C'\fR

								to some high number (e.g. \f(CW2048\fR) before compiling the winsocket select

								call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own

								select emulation on windows).

								.Sp

								Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime

								libraries, which by default is \f(CW64\fR (there must be a hidden \fI64\fR fetish

								or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling

								\&\f(CW\*(C`_setmaxstdio\*(C'\fR, which can increase this limit to \f(CW2048\fR (another

								arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime

								libraries.

								.Sp

								This might get you to about \f(CW512\fR or \f(CW2048\fR sockets (depending on

								windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to

								wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of

								calling select (O(nA\*^X)) will likely make this unworkable.

								.SH "PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS"

								.IX Header "PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS"

								In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few

								additional extensions:

								.ie n .IP """sig_atomic_t volatile"" must be thread-atomic as well" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWsig_atomic_t volatile\fR must be thread-atomic as well" 4

								.IX Item "sig_atomic_t volatile must be thread-atomic as well"

								The type \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR (or whatever is defined as

								\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different

								threads. This is not part of the specification for \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t\*(C'\fR, but is

								believed to be sufficiently portable.

								.ie n .IP """sigprocmask"" must work in a threaded environment" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWsigprocmask\fR must work in a threaded environment" 4

								.IX Item "sigprocmask must work in a threaded environment"

								Libev uses \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR to temporarily block signals. This is not

								allowed in a threaded program (\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR has to be used). Typical

								pthread implementations will either allow \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR in the \*(L"main

								thread\*(R" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would

								be compatible with libev. Interaction between \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR and

								\&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR could complicate things, however.

								.Sp

								The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads

								except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as

								well.

								.ie n .IP """long"" must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWlong\fR must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4

								.IX Item "long must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes"

								To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses \f(CW\*(C`long\*(C'\fR

								internally instead of \f(CW\*(C`size_t\*(C'\fR when allocating its data structures. On

								non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but

								is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of

								millions of watchers.

								.ie n .IP """double"" must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4

								.el .IP "\f(CWdouble\fR must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4

								.IX Item "double must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy"

								The type \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR is used to represent timestamps. It is required to

								have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good

								enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by

								implementations implementing \s-1IEEE\s0 754 (basically all existing ones).

								.PP

								If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.

								.SH "AUTHOR"

								.IX Header "AUTHOR"

								Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.

								.SH "POD ERRORS"

								.IX Header "POD ERRORS"

								Hey! \fBThe above document had some coding errors, which are explained below:\fR

								.IP "Around line 3052:" 4

								.IX Item "Around line 3052:"

								You forgot a '=back' before '=head2'