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460 lines
14 KiB
460 lines
14 KiB
.TH "NPM\-INSTALL" "1" "September 2016" "" ""
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.SH "NAME"
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\fBnpm-install\fR \- Install a package
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install (with no args, in package dir)
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range>
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npm install <tarball file>
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npm install <tarball url>
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npm install <folder>
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alias: npm i
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common options: [\-S|\-\-save|\-D|\-\-save\-dev|\-O|\-\-save\-optional] [\-E|\-\-save\-exact] [\-B|\-\-save\-bundle] [\-\-dry\-run]
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.fi
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.RE
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.P
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This command installs a package, and any packages that it depends on\. If the
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package has a shrinkwrap file, the installation of dependencies will be driven
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by that\. See npm help shrinkwrap\.
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.P
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A \fBpackage\fP is:
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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a) a folder containing a program described by a npm help 5 \fBpackage\.json\fP file
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.IP \(bu 2
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b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)
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.IP \(bu 2
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c) a url that resolves to (b)
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.IP \(bu 2
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d) a \fB<name>@<version>\fP that is published on the registry (see npm help 7 \fBnpm\-registry\fP) with (c)
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.IP \(bu 2
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e) a \fB<name>@<tag>\fP (see npm help \fBnpm\-dist\-tag\fP) that points to (d)
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.IP \(bu 2
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f) a \fB<name>\fP that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)
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.IP \(bu 2
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g) a \fB<git remote url>\fP that resolves to (a)
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.RE
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.P
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Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of
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benefits of using npm if you just want to write a node program (a), and
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perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere
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after packing it up into a tarball (b)\.
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install\fP (in package directory, no arguments):
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Install the dependencies in the local node_modules folder\.
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In global mode (ie, with \fB\-g\fP or \fB\-\-global\fP appended to the command),
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it installs the current package context (ie, the current working
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directory) as a global package\.
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By default, \fBnpm install\fP will install all modules listed as dependencies
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in npm help 5 \fBpackage\.json\fP\|\.
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With the \fB\-\-production\fP flag (or when the \fBNODE_ENV\fP environment variable
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is set to \fBproduction\fP), npm will not install modules listed in
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\fBdevDependencies\fP\|\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <folder>\fP:
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Install a package that is sitting in a folder on the filesystem\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <tarball file>\fP:
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Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem\. Note: if you just want
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to link a dev directory into your npm root, you can do this more easily by
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using \fBnpm link\fP\|\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install \./package\.tgz
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <tarball url>\fP:
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Fetch the tarball url, and then install it\. In order to distinguish between
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this and other options, the argument must start with "http://" or "https://"
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install https://github\.com/indexzero/forever/tarball/v0\.5\.6
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name> [\-S|\-\-save|\-D|\-\-save\-dev|\-O|\-\-save\-optional]\fP:
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Do a \fB<name>@<tag>\fP install, where \fB<tag>\fP is the "tag" config\. (See
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npm help 7 \fBnpm\-config\fP\|\. The config's default value is \fBlatest\fP\|\.)
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In most cases, this will install the latest version
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of the module published on npm\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax
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.fi
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.RE
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\fBnpm install\fP takes 3 exclusive, optional flags which save or update
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the package version in your main package\.json:
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fB\-S, \-\-save\fP: Package will appear in your \fBdependencies\fP\|\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fB\-D, \-\-save\-dev\fP: Package will appear in your \fBdevDependencies\fP\|\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fB\-O, \-\-save\-optional\fP: Package will appear in your \fBoptionalDependencies\fP\|\.
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When using any of the above options to save dependencies to your
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package\.json, there are two additional, optional flags:
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fB\-E, \-\-save\-exact\fP: Saved dependencies will be configured with an
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exact version rather than using npm's default semver range
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operator\.
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fB\-B, \-\-save\-bundle\fP: Saved dependencies will also be added to your \fBbundleDependencies\fP list\.
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Further, if you have an \fBnpm\-shrinkwrap\.json\fP then it will be updated as
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well\.
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\fB<scope>\fP is optional\. The package will be downloaded from the registry
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associated with the specified scope\. If no registry is associated with
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the given scope the default registry is assumed\. See npm help 7 \fBnpm\-scope\fP\|\.
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Note: if you do not include the @\-symbol on your scope name, npm will
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interpret this as a GitHub repository instead, see below\. Scopes names
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must also be followed by a slash\.
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Examples:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax \-\-save
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npm install githubname/reponame
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage
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npm install node\-tap \-\-save\-dev
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npm install dtrace\-provider \-\-save\-optional
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npm install readable\-stream \-\-save \-\-save\-exact
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npm install ansi\-regex \-\-save \-\-save\-bundle
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.fi
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.RE
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.RE
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.RE
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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**Note**: If there is a file or folder named `<name>` in the current
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working directory, then it will try to install that, and only try to
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fetch the package by name if it is not valid\.
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.fi
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.RE
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>\fP:
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Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag\.
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If the tag does not exist in the registry data for that package, then this
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will fail\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax@latest
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npm install @myorg/mypackage@latest
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version>\fP:
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Install the specified version of the package\. This will fail if the
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version has not been published to the registry\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax@0\.1\.1
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage@1\.5\.0
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range>\fP:
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Install a version of the package matching the specified version range\. This
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will follow the same rules for resolving dependencies described in npm help 5 \fBpackage\.json\fP\|\.
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Note that most version ranges must be put in quotes so that your shell will
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treat it as a single argument\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax@">=0\.1\.0 <0\.2\.0"
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage@">=0\.1\.0 <0\.2\.0"
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <git remote url>\fP:
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Installs the package from the hosted git provider, cloning it with
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\fBgit\fP\|\. First it tries via the https (git with github) and if that fails, via ssh\.
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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<protocol>://[<user>[:<password>]@]<hostname>[:<port>][:][/]<path>[#<commit\-ish>]
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.fi
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.RE
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\fB<protocol>\fP is one of \fBgit\fP, \fBgit+ssh\fP, \fBgit+http\fP, \fBgit+https\fP,
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or \fBgit+file\fP\|\.
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If no \fB<commit\-ish>\fP is specified, then \fBmaster\fP is used\.
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If the repository makes use of submodules, those submodules will
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be cloned as well\.
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The following git environment variables are recognized by npm and will be added
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to the environment when running git:
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_ASKPASS\fP
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_EXEC_PATH\fP
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_PROXY_COMMAND\fP
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_SSH\fP
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_SSH_COMMAND\fP
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_SSL_CAINFO\fP
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBGIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY\fP
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See the git man page for details\.
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Examples:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install git+ssh://git@github\.com:npm/npm\.git#v1\.0\.27
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npm install git+https://isaacs@github\.com/npm/npm\.git
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npm install git://github\.com/npm/npm\.git#v1\.0\.27
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GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh \-i ~/\.ssh/custom_ident' npm install git+ssh://git@github\.com:npm/npm\.git
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.fi
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.RE
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install <githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install github:<githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
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Install the package at \fBhttps://github\.com/githubname/githubrepo\fP by
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attempting to clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\.
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If you don't specify a \fIcommit\-ish\fR then \fBmaster\fP will be used\.
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Examples:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install mygithubuser/myproject
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npm install github:mygithubuser/myproject
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install gist:[<githubname>/]<gistID>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
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Install the package at \fBhttps://gist\.github\.com/gistID\fP by attempting to
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clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\. The GitHub username associated with the gist is
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optional and will not be saved in \fBpackage\.json\fP if \fB\-S\fP or \fB\-\-save\fP is used\.
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If you don't specify a \fIcommit\-ish\fR then \fBmaster\fP will be used\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install gist:101a11beef
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install bitbucket:<bitbucketname>/<bitbucketrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
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Install the package at \fBhttps://bitbucket\.org/bitbucketname/bitbucketrepo\fP
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by attempting to clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\.
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If you don't specify a \fIcommit\-ish\fR then \fBmaster\fP will be used\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install bitbucket:mybitbucketuser/myproject
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.fi
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.RE
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.IP \(bu 2
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\fBnpm install gitlab:<gitlabname>/<gitlabrepo>[#<commit\-ish>]\fP:
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Install the package at \fBhttps://gitlab\.com/gitlabname/gitlabrepo\fP
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by attempting to clone it using \fBgit\fP\|\.
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If you don't specify a \fIcommit\-ish\fR then \fBmaster\fP will be used\.
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Example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install gitlab:mygitlabuser/myproject
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.fi
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.RE
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.RE
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.P
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You may combine multiple arguments, and even multiple types of arguments\.
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For example:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax@">=0\.1\.0 <0\.2\.0" bench supervisor
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.fi
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.RE
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.P
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The \fB\-\-tag\fP argument will apply to all of the specified install targets\. If a
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tag with the given name exists, the tagged version is preferred over newer
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versions\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-dry\-run\fP argument will report in the usual way what the install would
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have done without actually installing anything\.
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.P
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The \fB\-f\fP or \fB\-\-force\fP argument will force npm to fetch remote resources even if a
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local copy exists on disk\.
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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npm install sax \-\-force
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.fi
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.RE
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.P
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The \fB\-g\fP or \fB\-\-global\fP argument will cause npm to install the package globally
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rather than locally\. See npm help 5 \fBnpm\-folders\fP\|\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-global\-style\fP argument will cause npm to install the package into
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your local \fBnode_modules\fP folder with the same layout it uses with the
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global \fBnode_modules\fP folder\. Only your direct dependencies will show in
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\fBnode_modules\fP and everything they depend on will be flattened in their
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\fBnode_modules\fP folders\. This obviously will eliminate some deduping\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-ignore\-scripts\fP argument will cause npm to not execute any
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scripts defined in the package\.json\. See npm help 7 \fBnpm\-scripts\fP\|\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-legacy\-bundling\fP argument will cause npm to install the package such
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that versions of npm prior to 1\.4, such as the one included with node 0\.8,
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can install the package\. This eliminates all automatic deduping\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-link\fP argument will cause npm to link global installs into the
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local space in some cases\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-no\-bin\-links\fP argument will prevent npm from creating symlinks for
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any binaries the package might contain\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-no\-optional\fP argument will prevent optional dependencies from
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being installed\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-no\-shrinkwrap\fP argument, which will ignore an available
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shrinkwrap file and use the package\.json instead\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-nodedir=/path/to/node/source\fP argument will allow npm to find the
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node source code so that npm can compile native modules\.
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.P
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The \fB\-\-only={prod[uction]|dev[elopment]}\fP argument will cause either only
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\fBdevDependencies\fP or only non\-\fBdevDependencies\fP to be installed regardless of the \fBNODE_ENV\fP\|\.
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.P
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See npm help 7 \fBnpm\-config\fP\|\. Many of the configuration params have some
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effect on installation, since that's most of what npm does\.
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.SH ALGORITHM
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.P
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To install a package, npm uses the following algorithm:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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load the existing node_modules tree from disk
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clone the tree
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fetch the package\.json and assorted metadata and add it to the clone
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walk the clone and add any missing dependencies
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dependencies will be added as close to the top as is possible
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without breaking any other modules
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compare the original tree with the cloned tree and make a list of
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actions to take to convert one to the other
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execute all of the actions, deepest first
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kinds of actions are install, update, remove and move
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.fi
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.RE
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.P
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For this \fBpackage{dep}\fP structure: \fBA{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}\fP,
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this algorithm produces:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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A
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+\-\- B
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+\-\- C
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+\-\- D
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.fi
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.RE
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.P
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That is, the dependency from B to C is satisfied by the fact that A
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already caused C to be installed at a higher level\. D is still installed
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at the top level because nothing conflicts with it\.
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.P
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For \fBA{B,C}, B{C,D@1}, C{D@2}\fP, this algorithm produces:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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A
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+\-\- B
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+\-\- C
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`\-\- D@2
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+\-\- D@1
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.fi
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.RE
|
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.P
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Because B's D@1 will be installed in the top level, C now has to install D@2
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privately for itself\.
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.P
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See npm help 5 folders for a more detailed description of the specific
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folder structures that npm creates\.
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.SS Limitations of npm's Install Algorithm
|
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.P
|
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There are some very rare and pathological edge\-cases where a cycle can
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cause npm to try to install a never\-ending tree of packages\. Here is
|
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the simplest case:
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.P
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.RS 2
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.nf
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A \-> B \-> A' \-> B' \-> A \-> B \-> A' \-> B' \-> A \-> \.\.\.
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.fi
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.RE
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.P
|
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where \fBA\fP is some version of a package, and \fBA'\fP is a different version
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of the same package\. Because \fBB\fP depends on a different version of \fBA\fP
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than the one that is already in the tree, it must install a separate
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copy\. The same is true of \fBA'\fP, which must install \fBB'\fP\|\. Because \fBB'\fP
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depends on the original version of \fBA\fP, which has been overridden, the
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cycle falls into infinite regress\.
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.P
|
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To avoid this situation, npm flat\-out refuses to install any
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\fBname@version\fP that is already present anywhere in the tree of package
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folder ancestors\. A more correct, but more complex, solution would be
|
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to symlink the existing version into the new location\. If this ever
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affects a real use\-case, it will be investigated\.
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.SH SEE ALSO
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.RS 0
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help 5 folders
|
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help update
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help link
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help rebuild
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help 7 scripts
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help build
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help config
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help 7 config
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help 5 npmrc
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help 7 registry
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help tag
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help uninstall
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help shrinkwrap
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.IP \(bu 2
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npm help 5 package\.json
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.RE
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|
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|