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258 lines
8.2 KiB
258 lines
8.2 KiB
.\" Generated with Ronnjs 0.3.8
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.\" http://github.com/kapouer/ronnjs/
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.
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.TH "NPM\-FOLDERS" "1" "October 2012" "" ""
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.
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.SH "NAME"
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\fBnpm-folders\fR \-\- Folder Structures Used by npm
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.
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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npm puts various things on your computer\. That\'s its job\.
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.
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.P
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This document will tell you what it puts where\.
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.
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.SS "tl;dr"
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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Local install (default): puts stuff in \fB\|\./node_modules\fR of the current
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package root\.
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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Global install (with \fB\-g\fR): puts stuff in /usr/local or wherever node
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is installed\.
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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Install it \fBlocally\fR if you\'re going to \fBrequire()\fR it\.
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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Install it \fBglobally\fR if you\'re going to run it on the command line\.
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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If you need both, then install it in both places, or use \fBnpm link\fR\|\.
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.
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.IP "" 0
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.
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.SS "prefix Configuration"
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The \fBprefix\fR config defaults to the location where node is installed\.
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On most systems, this is \fB/usr/local\fR, and most of the time is the same
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as node\'s \fBprocess\.installPrefix\fR\|\.
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.
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.P
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On windows, this is the exact location of the node\.exe binary\. On Unix
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systems, it\'s one level up, since node is typically installed at \fB{prefix}/bin/node\fR rather than \fB{prefix}/node\.exe\fR\|\.
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.
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.P
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When the \fBglobal\fR flag is set, npm installs things into this prefix\.
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When it is not set, it uses the root of the current package, or the
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current working directory if not in a package already\.
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.
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.SS "Node Modules"
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Packages are dropped into the \fBnode_modules\fR folder under the \fBprefix\fR\|\.
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When installing locally, this means that you can \fBrequire("packagename")\fR to load its main module, or \fBrequire("packagename/lib/path/to/sub/module")\fR to load other modules\.
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.
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.P
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Global installs on Unix systems go to \fB{prefix}/lib/node_modules\fR\|\.
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Global installs on Windows go to \fB{prefix}/node_modules\fR (that is, no \fBlib\fR folder\.)
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.
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.P
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If you wish to \fBrequire()\fR a package, then install it locally\.
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.
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.SS "Executables"
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When in global mode, executables are linked into \fB{prefix}/bin\fR on Unix,
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or directly into \fB{prefix}\fR on Windows\.
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.
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.P
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When in local mode, executables are linked into \fB\|\./node_modules/\.bin\fR so that they can be made available to scripts run
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through npm\. (For example, so that a test runner will be in the path
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when you run \fBnpm test\fR\|\.)
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.
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.SS "Man Pages"
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When in global mode, man pages are linked into \fB{prefix}/share/man\fR\|\.
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.
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.P
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When in local mode, man pages are not installed\.
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.
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.P
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Man pages are not installed on Windows systems\.
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.
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.SS "Cache"
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See \fBnpm help cache\fR\|\. Cache files are stored in \fB~/\.npm\fR on Posix, or \fB~/npm\-cache\fR on Windows\.
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.
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.P
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This is controlled by the \fBcache\fR configuration param\.
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.
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.SS "Temp Files"
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Temporary files are stored by default in the folder specified by the \fBtmp\fR config, which defaults to the TMPDIR, TMP, or TEMP environment
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variables, or \fB/tmp\fR on Unix and \fBc:\\windows\\temp\fR on Windows\.
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.
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.P
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Temp files are given a unique folder under this root for each run of the
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program, and are deleted upon successful exit\.
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.
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.SH "More Information"
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When installing locally, npm first tries to find an appropriate \fBprefix\fR folder\. This is so that \fBnpm install foo@1\.2\.3\fR will install
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to the sensible root of your package, even if you happen to have \fBcd\fRed
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into some other folder\.
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.
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.P
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Starting at the $PWD, npm will walk up the folder tree checking for a
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folder that contains either a \fBpackage\.json\fR file, or a \fBnode_modules\fR
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folder\. If such a thing is found, then that is treated as the effective
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"current directory" for the purpose of running npm commands\. (This
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behavior is inspired by and similar to git\'s \.git\-folder seeking
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logic when running git commands in a working dir\.)
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.
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.P
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If no package root is found, then the current folder is used\.
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.
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.P
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When you run \fBnpm install foo@1\.2\.3\fR, then the package is loaded into
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the cache, and then unpacked into \fB\|\./node_modules/foo\fR\|\. Then, any of
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foo\'s dependencies are similarly unpacked into \fB\|\./node_modules/foo/node_modules/\.\.\.\fR\|\.
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.
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.P
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Any bin files are symlinked to \fB\|\./node_modules/\.bin/\fR, so that they may
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be found by npm scripts when necessary\.
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.
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.SS "Global Installation"
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If the \fBglobal\fR configuration is set to true, then npm will
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install packages "globally"\.
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.
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.P
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For global installation, packages are installed roughly the same way,
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but using the folders described above\.
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.
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.SS "Cycles, Conflicts, and Folder Parsimony"
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Cycles are handled using the property of node\'s module system that it
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walks up the directories looking for \fBnode_modules\fR folders\. So, at every
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stage, if a package is already installed in an ancestor \fBnode_modules\fR
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folder, then it is not installed at the current location\.
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.
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.P
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Consider the case above, where \fBfoo \-> bar \-> baz\fR\|\. Imagine if, in
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addition to that, baz depended on bar, so you\'d have: \fBfoo \-> bar \-> baz \-> bar \-> baz \.\.\.\fR\|\. However, since the folder
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structure is: \fBfoo/node_modules/bar/node_modules/baz\fR, there\'s no need to
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put another copy of bar into \fB\|\.\.\./baz/node_modules\fR, since when it calls
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require("bar"), it will get the copy that is installed in \fBfoo/node_modules/bar\fR\|\.
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.
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.P
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This shortcut is only used if the exact same
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version would be installed in multiple nested \fBnode_modules\fR folders\. It
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is still possible to have \fBa/node_modules/b/node_modules/a\fR if the two
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"a" packages are different versions\. However, without repeating the
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exact same package multiple times, an infinite regress will always be
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prevented\.
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.
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.P
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Another optimization can be made by installing dependencies at the
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highest level possible, below the localized "target" folder\.
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.
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.SS "\fIExample\fR"
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Consider this dependency graph:
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.
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.IP "" 4
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.
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.nf
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foo
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+\-\- blerg@1\.2\.5
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+\-\- bar@1\.2\.3
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| +\-\- blerg@1\.x (latest=1\.3\.7)
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| +\-\- baz@2\.x
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| | `\-\- quux@3\.x
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| | `\-\- bar@1\.2\.3 (cycle)
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| `\-\- asdf@*
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`\-\- baz@1\.2\.3
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`\-\- quux@3\.x
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`\-\- bar
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.
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.fi
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.
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.IP "" 0
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.
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.P
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In this case, we might expect a folder structure like this:
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.
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.IP "" 4
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.
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.nf
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foo
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+\-\- node_modules
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+\-\- blerg (1\.2\.5) <\-\-\-[A]
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+\-\- bar (1\.2\.3) <\-\-\-[B]
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| +\-\- node_modules
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| | `\-\- baz (2\.0\.2) <\-\-\-[C]
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| | `\-\- node_modules
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| | `\-\- quux (3\.2\.0)
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| `\-\- asdf (2\.3\.4)
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`\-\- baz (1\.2\.3) <\-\-\-[D]
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`\-\- node_modules
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`\-\- quux (3\.2\.0) <\-\-\-[E]
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.
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.fi
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.
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.IP "" 0
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.
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.P
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Since foo depends directly on bar@1\.2\.3 and baz@1\.2\.3, those are
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installed in foo\'s \fBnode_modules\fR folder\.
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.
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.P
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Even though the latest copy of blerg is 1\.3\.7, foo has a specific
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dependency on version 1\.2\.5\. So, that gets installed at [A]\. Since the
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parent installation of blerg satisfie\'s bar\'s dependency on blerg@1\.x,
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it does not install another copy under [B]\.
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.
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.P
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Bar [B] also has dependencies on baz and asdf, so those are installed in
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bar\'s \fBnode_modules\fR folder\. Because it depends on \fBbaz@2\.x\fR, it cannot
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re\-use the \fBbaz@1\.2\.3\fR installed in the parent \fBnode_modules\fR folder [D],
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and must install its own copy [C]\.
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.
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.P
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Underneath bar, the \fBbaz\->quux\->bar\fR dependency creates a cycle\.
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However, because \fBbar\fR is already in \fBquux\fR\'s ancestry [B], it does not
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unpack another copy of bar into that folder\.
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.
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.P
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Underneath \fBfoo\->baz\fR [D], quux\'s [E] folder tree is empty, because its
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dependency on bar is satisfied by the parent folder copy installed at [B]\.
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.
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.P
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For a graphical breakdown of what is installed where, use \fBnpm ls\fR\|\.
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.
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.SS "Publishing"
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Upon publishing, npm will look in the \fBnode_modules\fR folder\. If any of
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the items there are not in the \fBbundledDependencies\fR array, then they will
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not be included in the package tarball\.
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.
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.P
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This allows a package maintainer to install all of their dependencies
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(and dev dependencies) locally, but only re\-publish those items that
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cannot be found elsewhere\. See \fBnpm help json\fR for more information\.
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.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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npm help faq
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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npm help json
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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npm help install
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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npm help pack
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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npm help cache
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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npm help config
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.
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.IP "\(bu" 4
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npm help publish
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.
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.IP "" 0
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