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<!doctype html>
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<html>
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<title>npm-install</title>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" value="text/html;utf-8">
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../static/style.css">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.npmjs.org/doc/cli/npm-install.html">
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<script async=true src="../../static/toc.js"></script>
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<body>
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<div id="wrapper">
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<h1><a href="../cli/npm-install.html">npm-install</a></h1> <p>Install a package</p>
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<h2 id="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
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<pre><code>npm install (with no args, in package dir)
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version>
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npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range>
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npm install <tarball file>
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npm install <tarball url>
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npm install <folder>
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alias: npm i
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common options: [-S|--save|-D|--save-dev|-O|--save-optional] [-E|--save-exact] [-B|--save-bundle] [--dry-run]
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</code></pre><h2 id="description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
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<p>This command installs a package, and any packages that it depends on. If the
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package has a shrinkwrap file, the installation of dependencies will be driven
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by that. See <a href="../cli/npm-shrinkwrap.html">npm-shrinkwrap(1)</a>.</p>
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<p>A <code>package</code> is:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>a) a folder containing a program described by a <code><a href="../files/package.json.html">package.json(5)</a></code> file</li>
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<li>b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)</li>
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<li>c) a url that resolves to (b)</li>
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<li>d) a <code><name>@<version></code> that is published on the registry (see <code><a href="../misc/npm-registry.html">npm-registry(7)</a></code>) with (c)</li>
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<li>e) a <code><name>@<tag></code> (see <code><a href="../cli/npm-dist-tag.html">npm-dist-tag(1)</a></code>) that points to (d)</li>
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<li>f) a <code><name></code> that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)</li>
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<li>g) a <code><git remote url></code> that resolves to (a)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of
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benefits of using npm if you just want to write a node program (a), and
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perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere
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after packing it up into a tarball (b).</p>
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<ul>
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<li><p><code>npm install</code> (in package directory, no arguments):</p>
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<p> Install the dependencies in the local node_modules folder.</p>
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<p> In global mode (ie, with <code>-g</code> or <code>--global</code> appended to the command),
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it installs the current package context (ie, the current working
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directory) as a global package.</p>
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<p> By default, <code>npm install</code> will install all modules listed as dependencies
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in <code><a href="../files/package.json.html">package.json(5)</a></code>.</p>
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<p> With the <code>--production</code> flag (or when the <code>NODE_ENV</code> environment variable
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is set to <code>production</code>), npm will not install modules listed in
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<code>devDependencies</code>.</p>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>npm install <folder></code>:</p>
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<p> Install a package that is sitting in a folder on the filesystem.</p>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>npm install <tarball file></code>:</p>
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<p> Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem. Note: if you just want
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to link a dev directory into your npm root, you can do this more easily by
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using <code>npm link</code>.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install ./package.tgz
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install <tarball url></code>:</p>
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<p> Fetch the tarball url, and then install it. In order to distinguish between
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this and other options, the argument must start with "http://" or "https://"</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install https://github.com/indexzero/forever/tarball/v0.5.6
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install [<@scope>/]<name> [-S|--save|-D|--save-dev|-O|--save-optional]</code>:</p>
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<p> Do a <code><name>@<tag></code> install, where <code><tag></code> is the "tag" config. (See
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<code><a href="../misc/npm-config.html">npm-config(7)</a></code>. The config's default value is <code>latest</code>.)</p>
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<p> In most cases, this will install the latest version
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of the module published on npm.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install sax
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</code></pre><p> <code>npm install</code> takes 3 exclusive, optional flags which save or update
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the package version in your main package.json:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><p><code>-S, --save</code>: Package will appear in your <code>dependencies</code>.</p>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>-D, --save-dev</code>: Package will appear in your <code>devDependencies</code>.</p>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>-O, --save-optional</code>: Package will appear in your <code>optionalDependencies</code>.</p>
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<p>When using any of the above options to save dependencies to your
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package.json, there are two additional, optional flags:</p>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>-E, --save-exact</code>: Saved dependencies will be configured with an
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exact version rather than using npm's default semver range
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operator.</p>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>-B, --save-bundle</code>: Saved dependencies will also be added to your <code>bundleDependencies</code> list.</p>
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<p>Further, if you have an <code>npm-shrinkwrap.json</code> then it will be updated as
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well.</p>
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<p><code><scope></code> is optional. The package will be downloaded from the registry
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associated with the specified scope. If no registry is associated with
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the given scope the default registry is assumed. See <code><a href="../misc/npm-scope.html">npm-scope(7)</a></code>.</p>
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<p>Note: if you do not include the @-symbol on your scope name, npm will
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interpret this as a GitHub repository instead, see below. Scopes names
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must also be followed by a slash.</p>
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<p>Examples:</p>
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<pre><code>npm install sax --save
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npm install githubname/reponame
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage
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npm install node-tap --save-dev
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npm install dtrace-provider --save-optional
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npm install readable-stream --save --save-exact
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npm install ansi-regex --save --save-bundle
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</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<pre><code>**Note**: If there is a file or folder named `<name>` in the current
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working directory, then it will try to install that, and only try to
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fetch the package by name if it is not valid.
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</code></pre><ul>
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<li><p><code>npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<tag></code>:</p>
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<p> Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag.
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If the tag does not exist in the registry data for that package, then this
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will fail.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install sax@latest
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npm install @myorg/mypackage@latest
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version></code>:</p>
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<p> Install the specified version of the package. This will fail if the
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version has not been published to the registry.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install sax@0.1.1
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage@1.5.0
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install [<@scope>/]<name>@<version range></code>:</p>
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<p> Install a version of the package matching the specified version range. This
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will follow the same rules for resolving dependencies described in <code><a href="../files/package.json.html">package.json(5)</a></code>.</p>
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<p> Note that most version ranges must be put in quotes so that your shell will
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treat it as a single argument.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"
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npm install @myorg/privatepackage@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install <git remote url></code>:</p>
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<p> Installs the package from the hosted git provider, cloning it with
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<code>git</code>. First it tries via the https (git with github) and if that fails, via ssh.</p>
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<pre><code> <protocol>://[<user>[:<password>]@]<hostname>[:<port>][:][/]<path>[#<commit-ish>]
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</code></pre><p> <code><protocol></code> is one of <code>git</code>, <code>git+ssh</code>, <code>git+http</code>, <code>git+https</code>,
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or <code>git+file</code>.
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If no <code><commit-ish></code> is specified, then <code>master</code> is used.</p>
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<p> If the repository makes use of submodules, those submodules will
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be cloned as well.</p>
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<p> The following git environment variables are recognized by npm and will be added
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to the environment when running git:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>GIT_ASKPASS</code></li>
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<li><code>GIT_PROXY_COMMAND</code></li>
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<li><code>GIT_SSH</code></li>
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<li><code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code></li>
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<li><code>GIT_SSL_CAINFO</code></li>
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<li><p><code>GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY</code></p>
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<p>See the git man page for details.</p>
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<p>Examples:</p>
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<pre><code>npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/npm.git#v1.0.27
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npm install git+https://isaacs@github.com/npm/npm.git
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npm install git://github.com/npm/npm.git#v1.0.27
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GIT_SSH_COMMAND='ssh -i ~/.ssh/custom_ident' npm install git+ssh://git@github.com:npm/npm.git
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</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>npm install <githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p>
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</li>
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<li><p><code>npm install github:<githubname>/<githubrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p>
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<p> Install the package at <code>https://github.com/githubname/githubrepo</code> by
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attempting to clone it using <code>git</code>.</p>
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<p> If you don't specify a <em>commit-ish</em> then <code>master</code> will be used.</p>
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<p> Examples:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install mygithubuser/myproject
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npm install github:mygithubuser/myproject
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install gist:[<githubname>/]<gistID>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p>
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<p> Install the package at <code>https://gist.github.com/gistID</code> by attempting to
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clone it using <code>git</code>. The GitHub username associated with the gist is
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optional and will not be saved in <code>package.json</code> if <code>-S</code> or <code>--save</code> is used.</p>
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<p> If you don't specify a <em>commit-ish</em> then <code>master</code> will be used.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install gist:101a11beef
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install bitbucket:<bitbucketname>/<bitbucketrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p>
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<p> Install the package at <code>https://bitbucket.org/bitbucketname/bitbucketrepo</code>
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by attempting to clone it using <code>git</code>.</p>
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<p> If you don't specify a <em>commit-ish</em> then <code>master</code> will be used.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install bitbucket:mybitbucketuser/myproject
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</code></pre></li>
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<li><p><code>npm install gitlab:<gitlabname>/<gitlabrepo>[#<commit-ish>]</code>:</p>
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<p> Install the package at <code>https://gitlab.com/gitlabname/gitlabrepo</code>
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by attempting to clone it using <code>git</code>.</p>
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<p> If you don't specify a <em>commit-ish</em> then <code>master</code> will be used.</p>
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<p> Example:</p>
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<pre><code> npm install gitlab:mygitlabuser/myproject
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</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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<p>You may combine multiple arguments, and even multiple types of arguments.
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For example:</p>
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<pre><code>npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0" bench supervisor
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</code></pre><p>The <code>--tag</code> argument will apply to all of the specified install targets. If a
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tag with the given name exists, the tagged version is preferred over newer
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versions.</p>
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<p>The <code>--dry-run</code> argument will report in the usual way what the install would
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have done without actually installing anything.</p>
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<p>The <code>-f</code> or <code>--force</code> argument will force npm to fetch remote resources even if a
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local copy exists on disk.</p>
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<pre><code>npm install sax --force
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</code></pre><p>The <code>-g</code> or <code>--global</code> argument will cause npm to install the package globally
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rather than locally. See <code><a href="../files/npm-folders.html">npm-folders(5)</a></code>.</p>
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<p>The <code>--global-style</code> argument will cause npm to install the package into
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your local <code>node_modules</code> folder with the same layout it uses with the
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global <code>node_modules</code> folder. Only your direct dependencies will show in
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<code>node_modules</code> and everything they depend on will be flattened in their
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<code>node_modules</code> folders. This obviously will eliminate some deduping.</p>
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<p>The <code>--ignore-scripts</code> argument will cause npm to not execute any
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scripts defined in the package.json. See <code><a href="../misc/npm-scripts.html">npm-scripts(7)</a></code>.</p>
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<p>The <code>--legacy-bundling</code> argument will cause npm to install the package such
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that versions of npm prior to 1.4, such as the one included with node 0.8,
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can install the package. This eliminates all automatic deduping.</p>
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<p>The <code>--link</code> argument will cause npm to link global installs into the
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local space in some cases.</p>
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<p>The <code>--no-bin-links</code> argument will prevent npm from creating symlinks for
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any binaries the package might contain.</p>
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<p>The <code>--no-optional</code> argument will prevent optional dependencies from
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being installed.</p>
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<p>The <code>--no-shrinkwrap</code> argument, which will ignore an available
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shrinkwrap file and use the package.json instead.</p>
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<p>The <code>--nodedir=/path/to/node/source</code> argument will allow npm to find the
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node source code so that npm can compile native modules.</p>
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<p>The <code>--only={prod[uction]|dev[elopment]}</code> argument will cause either only
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<code>devDependencies</code> or only non-<code>devDependencies</code> to be installed regardless of the <code>NODE_ENV</code>.</p>
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<p>See <code><a href="../misc/npm-config.html">npm-config(7)</a></code>. Many of the configuration params have some
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effect on installation, since that's most of what npm does.</p>
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<h2 id="algorithm">ALGORITHM</h2>
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<p>To install a package, npm uses the following algorithm:</p>
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<pre><code>load the existing node_modules tree from disk
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clone the tree
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fetch the package.json and assorted metadata and add it to the clone
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walk the clone and add any missing dependencies
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dependencies will be added as close to the top as is possible
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without breaking any other modules
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compare the original tree with the cloned tree and make a list of
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actions to take to convert one to the other
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execute all of the actions, deepest first
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kinds of actions are install, update, remove and move
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</code></pre><p>For this <code>package{dep}</code> structure: <code>A{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}</code>,
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this algorithm produces:</p>
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<pre><code>A
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+-- B
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+-- C
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+-- D
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</code></pre><p>That is, the dependency from B to C is satisfied by the fact that A
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already caused C to be installed at a higher level. D is still installed
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at the top level because nothing conflicts with it.</p>
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<p>For <code>A{B,C}, B{C,D@1}, C{D@2}</code>, this algorithm produces:</p>
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<pre><code>A
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+-- B
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+-- C
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`-- D@2
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+-- D@1
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</code></pre><p>Because B's D@1 will be installed in the top level, C now has to install D@2
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privately for itself.</p>
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<p>See <a href="../files/npm-folders.html">npm-folders(5)</a> for a more detailed description of the specific
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folder structures that npm creates.</p>
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<h3 id="limitations-of-npm-s-install-algorithm">Limitations of npm's Install Algorithm</h3>
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<p>There are some very rare and pathological edge-cases where a cycle can
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cause npm to try to install a never-ending tree of packages. Here is
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the simplest case:</p>
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<pre><code>A -> B -> A' -> B' -> A -> B -> A' -> B' -> A -> ...
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</code></pre><p>where <code>A</code> is some version of a package, and <code>A'</code> is a different version
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of the same package. Because <code>B</code> depends on a different version of <code>A</code>
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than the one that is already in the tree, it must install a separate
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copy. The same is true of <code>A'</code>, which must install <code>B'</code>. Because <code>B'</code>
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depends on the original version of <code>A</code>, which has been overridden, the
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cycle falls into infinite regress.</p>
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<p>To avoid this situation, npm flat-out refuses to install any
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<code>name@version</code> that is already present anywhere in the tree of package
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folder ancestors. A more correct, but more complex, solution would be
|
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to symlink the existing version into the new location. If this ever
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affects a real use-case, it will be investigated.</p>
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<h2 id="see-also">SEE ALSO</h2>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="../files/npm-folders.html">npm-folders(5)</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="../cli/npm-update.html">npm-update(1)</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="../cli/npm-link.html">npm-link(1)</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="../cli/npm-rebuild.html">npm-rebuild(1)</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="../misc/npm-scripts.html">npm-scripts(7)</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="../cli/npm-build.html">npm-build(1)</a></li>
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<li><a href="../cli/npm-config.html">npm-config(1)</a></li>
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<li><a href="../misc/npm-config.html">npm-config(7)</a></li>
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<li><a href="../files/npmrc.html">npmrc(5)</a></li>
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<li><a href="../misc/npm-registry.html">npm-registry(7)</a></li>
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<li><a href="../cli/npm-tag.html">npm-tag(1)</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="../cli/npm-uninstall.html">npm-uninstall(1)</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="../cli/npm-shrinkwrap.html">npm-shrinkwrap(1)</a></li>
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<li><a href="../files/package.json.html">package.json(5)</a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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</div>
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<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 id=npmlogo>
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<tr><td style="width:180px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" colspan=18> </td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan=4 style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)"> </td><td style="width:40px;height:10px;background:#fff" colspan=4> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" rowspan=4> </td><td style="width:40px;height:10px;background:#fff" colspan=4> </td><td rowspan=4 style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)"> </td><td colspan=6 style="width:60px;height:10px;background:#fff"> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" rowspan=4> </td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan=2 style="width:20px;height:30px;background:#fff" rowspan=3> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" rowspan=3> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:#fff" rowspan=3> </td><td style="width:20px;height:10px;background:#fff" rowspan=4 colspan=2> </td><td style="width:10px;height:20px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" rowspan=2> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:#fff" rowspan=3> </td><td style="width:20px;height:10px;background:#fff" rowspan=3 colspan=2> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" rowspan=3> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:#fff" rowspan=3> </td><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" rowspan=3> </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:#fff" rowspan=2> </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="width:10px;height:10px;background:#fff"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="width:60px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" colspan=6> </td><td colspan=10 style="width:10px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan=5 style="width:50px;height:10px;background:#fff"> </td><td style="width:40px;height:10px;background:rgb(237,127,127)" colspan=4> </td><td style="width:90px;height:10px;background:#fff" colspan=9> </td></tr>
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</table>
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<p id="footer">npm-install — npm@3.10.2</p>
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