When designing interfaces, break down the common design elements (buttons, form fields, layout components, etc.) into reusable components with well-defined interfaces. That way, the next time you need to build some UI, you can write much less code. This means faster development time, fewer bugs, and fewer bytes down the wire.
As your app grows it's helpful to ensure that your components are used correctly. We do this by allowing you to specify `propTypes`. `React.PropTypes` exports a range of validators that can be used to make sure the data you receive is valid. When an invalid value is provided for a prop, a warning will be shown in the JavaScript console. Note that for performance reasons `propTypes` is only checked in development mode. Here is an example documenting the different validators provided:
The result of `getDefaultProps()` will be cached and used to ensure that `this.props.value` will have a value if it was not specified by the owner component. This allows you to safely just use your props without having to write repetitive and fragile code to handle that yourself.
A common type of React component is one that extends a basic HTML element in a simple way. Often you'll want to copy any HTML attributes passed to your component to the underlying HTML element. To save typing, you can use the JSX _spread_ syntax to achieve this:
Components are the best way to reuse code in React, but sometimes very different components may share some common functionality. These are sometimes called [cross-cutting concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cutting_concern). React provides `mixins` to solve this problem.
One common use case is a component wanting to update itself on a time interval. It's easy to use `setInterval()`, but it's important to cancel your interval when you don't need it anymore to save memory. React provides [lifecycle methods](/react/docs/working-with-the-browser.html#component-lifecycle) that let you know when a component is about to be created or destroyed. Let's create a simple mixin that uses these methods to provide an easy `setInterval()` function that will automatically get cleaned up when your component is destroyed.
A nice feature of mixins is that if a component is using multiple mixins and several mixins define the same lifecycle method (i.e. several mixins want to do some cleanup when the component is destroyed), all of the lifecycle methods are guaranteed to be called. Methods defined on mixins run in the order mixins were listed, followed by a method call on the component.
The API is similar to `React.createClass` with the exception of `getInitialState`. Instead of providing a separate `getInitialState` method, you set up your own `state` property in the constructor. Just like the return value of `getInitialState`, the value you assign to `this.state` will be used as the initial state for your component.
Methods follow the same semantics as regular ES6 classes, meaning that they don't automatically bind `this` to the instance. You'll have to explicitly use `.bind(this)` or [arrow functions](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Arrow_functions) `=>`:
```javascript
// You can use bind() to preserve `this`
<divonClick={this.tick.bind(this)}>
// Or you can use arrow functions
<divonClick={()=> this.tick()}>
```
We recommend that you bind your event handlers in the constructor so they are only bound once for every instance:
```javascript
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {count: props.initialCount};
this.tick = this.tick.bind(this);
}
```
Now you can use `this.tick` directly as it was bound once in the constructor:
```javascript
// It is already bound in the constructor
<divonClick={this.tick}>
```
This is better for performance of your application, especially if you implement [shouldComponentUpdate()](/react/docs/component-specs.html#updating-shouldcomponentupdate) with a [shallow comparison](/react/docs/shallow-compare.html) in the child components.
Unfortunately ES6 launched without any mixin support. Therefore, there is no support for mixins when you use React with ES6 classes. Instead, we're working on making it easier to support such use cases without resorting to mixins.
This simplified component API is intended for components that are pure functions of their props. These components must not retain internal state, do not have backing instances, and do not have the component lifecycle methods. They are pure functional transforms of their input, with zero boilerplate.
However, you may still specify `.propTypes` and `.defaultProps` by setting them as properties on the function, just as you would set them on an ES6 class:
> Because stateless functions don't have a backing instance, you can't attach a ref to a stateless function component. Normally this isn't an issue, since stateless functions do not provide an imperative API. Without an imperative API, there isn't much you could do with an instance anyway. However, if a user wants to find the DOM node of a stateless function component, they must wrap the component in a stateful component (eg. ES6 class component) and attach the ref to the stateful wrapper component.
> In React v0.14, stateless functional components were not permitted to return `null` or `false` (a workaround is to return a `<noscript />` instead). This was fixed in React v15, and stateless functional components are now permitted to return `null`.
In an ideal world, most of your components would be stateless functions because in the future we’ll also be able to make performance optimizations specific to these components by avoiding unnecessary checks and memory allocations. This is the recommended pattern, when possible.
