diff --git a/src/ast/nodes/ThrowStatement.js b/src/ast/nodes/ThrowStatement.js
index 4e9047b..b9a8aa3 100644
--- a/src/ast/nodes/ThrowStatement.js
+++ b/src/ast/nodes/ThrowStatement.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import Node from '../Node.js';
 
 export default class ThrowStatement extends Node {
-	hasEffects ( scope ) {
-		return scope.findLexicalBoundary().isModuleScope; // TODO should this just be `true`? probably...
+	hasEffects () {
+		return true;
 	}
 }
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-h/_config.js b/test/form/side-effect-h/_config.js
index 835691b..538fccc 100644
--- a/test/form/side-effect-h/_config.js
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-h/_config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module.exports = {
-	description: 'excludes non-top-level throw statements',
+	description: 'includes throw statements',
 	options: {
 		moduleName: 'myBundle'
 	}
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/amd.js b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/amd.js
index 37d2571..ab252ed 100644
--- a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/amd.js
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/amd.js
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 define(function () { 'use strict';
 
+	function foo ( ok ) {
+		if ( !ok ) {
+			throw new Error( 'this will be ignored' );
+		}
+	}
+
+	foo();
+
 	var main = 42;
 
 	return main;
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/cjs.js b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/cjs.js
index 5a370cd..1d43729 100644
--- a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/cjs.js
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/cjs.js
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 'use strict';
 
+function foo ( ok ) {
+	if ( !ok ) {
+		throw new Error( 'this will be ignored' );
+	}
+}
+
+foo();
+
 var main = 42;
 
 module.exports = main;
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/es.js b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/es.js
index d862de8..1462a92 100644
--- a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/es.js
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/es.js
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+function foo ( ok ) {
+	if ( !ok ) {
+		throw new Error( 'this will be ignored' );
+	}
+}
+
+foo();
+
 var main = 42;
 
 export default main;
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/iife.js b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/iife.js
index 69d1387..286de2a 100644
--- a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/iife.js
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/iife.js
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 var myBundle = (function () {
 	'use strict';
 
+	function foo ( ok ) {
+		if ( !ok ) {
+			throw new Error( 'this will be ignored' );
+		}
+	}
+
+	foo();
+
 	var main = 42;
 
 	return main;
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/umd.js b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/umd.js
index 2194031..8fabe32 100644
--- a/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/umd.js
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-h/_expected/umd.js
@@ -4,8 +4,16 @@
 	(global.myBundle = factory());
 }(this, (function () { 'use strict';
 
+	function foo ( ok ) {
+		if ( !ok ) {
+			throw new Error( 'this will be ignored' );
+		}
+	}
+
+	foo();
+
 	var main = 42;
 
 	return main;
 
-})));
\ No newline at end of file
+})));
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-t/_config.js b/test/form/side-effect-t/_config.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e437d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-t/_config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module.exports = {
+	description: 'throw statement is a side effect',
+	options: {
+		moduleName: 'myBundle'
+	}
+};
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/amd.js b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/amd.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeb4d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/amd.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+define(function () { 'use strict';
+
+	function foo () {
+		throw new Error( 'throw side effect' );
+	}
+
+	foo();
+
+});
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/cjs.js b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/cjs.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e475de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/cjs.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+'use strict';
+
+function foo () {
+	throw new Error( 'throw side effect' );
+}
+
+foo();
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/es.js b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/es.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d37b574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/es.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+function foo () {
+	throw new Error( 'throw side effect' );
+}
+
+foo();
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/iife.js b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/iife.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79110d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/iife.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+(function () {
+	'use strict';
+
+	function foo () {
+		throw new Error( 'throw side effect' );
+	}
+
+	foo();
+
+}());
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/umd.js b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/umd.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e55832a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-t/_expected/umd.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+(function (global, factory) {
+	typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? factory() :
+	typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(factory) :
+	(factory());
+}(this, (function () { 'use strict';
+
+	function foo () {
+		throw new Error( 'throw side effect' );
+	}
+
+	foo();
+
+})));
diff --git a/test/form/side-effect-t/main.js b/test/form/side-effect-t/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d37b574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/form/side-effect-t/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+function foo () {
+	throw new Error( 'throw side effect' );
+}
+
+foo();